Gender and Race Differences in the Uninsured Population of the United States, 2013 – 2014
Keywords:
Race, Gender, Ethnicity, Health Insurance, Uninsured, United States, Affordable Care Act.Abstract
The aim of this paper is to (1) Determine the proportion of people that are uninsured by race and gender (2) Explain the differences in coverage between gender and race classifications. Data from the US Census Bureau showing health insurance coverage by race and gender for years 2013 and 2014 was analyzed and showed that a higher proportion of males compared to females were uninsured. In addition, Hispanic males and females had the highest proportion of the uninsured, closely followed by Blacks. Whites had the lowest proportion of uninsured people of any race.
References
[1] Jenna Levy, “In U.S Uninsured Rate Dips to 11.9% in First Quarter.” April 2015 Available:http://www.gallup.com/poll/182348/uninsured-rate-dips-first-quarter.aspx ,
[2] C.P. Jones, “ ‘Race’, Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology,” American Journal of Epidemiology 154, no. 4 (2001): 299–304; D.R. Williams and P.B. Jackson, “Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health,”Health Affairs 24, no. 2 (2005): 325–334; and M.E. Ford and P.A. Kelly,
[3] Ford and Kelly “Conceptualizing and Categorizing Race and Ethnicity in Health Services Research,” Health Services Research 40, no. 5, Part 2 (2005): 1658–1675. 5. F,
[4] Jennifer Cheeseman Day. Brett O’Hara, Daniel Taylor, “Another Difference Between the Sexes – Health Insurance Coverage (2015)”, Available: http://blogs.census.gov/2015/09/16/another-difference-between-the-sexes-health-insurance-coverage-3/
[5] Kaiser Family Foundation Analysis, “Women’s Health Insurance Coverage, 2015” Available: http://kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage-fact-sheet/
[6] Sonja Bidmon PhD, Ralf Terlutter Phd. “Gender Differences in Searching for Health Information on the Internet and the Virtual Patient-Physician Relationship in Germany: Exploratory Results on How Men and Women Differ and Why”J Med Internet Research, 2015 Jun 22;17(6):e156. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4127.
[7] Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. “The Uninsured A Primer, key facts about health insurance on the eve of health reform” Oct 2013. Available: https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/7451-09-the-uninsured-a-primer-key-facts-about-health-insurance.pdf
[8] Kaiser Family Foundation. (May 2014).Women and Health Care in the Early Years of the ACA: Key Findings from the 2013 Kaiser Women’s Health Survey.
[9] Nisha Kurani,Usha Ranji, MS,Alina Salganicoff, PhD,Anne Jankiewicz,David Rousseau.“Infographic, Visualizing Health Policy: Health Care Coverage and Access for Men, 2013-2015”, Kaiser Family Foundation
[10] David R. Williams and Pamela Braboy Jackson. “Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health”, Health Affairs, 24, no.2(2005)”325-334 doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325
[11] Marc L. Berk, PhD, Leigh Ann Albers, MA, and Claudia L. Schur, PhD, “Growth in the US uninsured population, trends in Hispanic Subgroups, 1977-1992”. AJPH 1996
[12] Karen Davis. “The Costs and Consequences of being uninsured” The Commonwealth Fund Medical Care Research and Review 60 (2): 89S–99S
[13] Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. “Children’s Health—Why Health Insurance Matters.” Washington, DC: KFF, 2002.
[14] Derigne, L., S. Porterfield, and S. Metz. “The Influence of Health Insurance on Parent’s Reports of Children’s Unmet Mental Health Needs.” Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol. 13, Number 2, March, 2009, pp. 176-186.
[15] IOM, Coverage Matters; Johnson, “Health Insurance Coverage at Midlife”; Johnson et al., A Medicare Buy-In for the Near Elderly; and Shea et al., “Betwixt and Between.”
[16] J. Michael McWilliams, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Ellen Meara, and John Z. Ayanian “Health Insurance Coverage and Mortality among The Near Elderly”, Health Affairs, 23, no.4 (2004):223-233
[17] R.N. Anderson and B.L. Smith,” Deaths: Leading Causes for 2001”, National Vital Statistics Reports 52, no. 9 (Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2003).
[18] Baker DW, Sudano JJ, Albert JM, Borawski EA, Dor A, “Lack of health insurance and decline in overall health in late middle age” N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 11; 345(15):1106-12.
[19] Ellen O'Brien, “Employers' Benefits from Workers' Health Insurance” Milbank Q. 2003 Mar; 81(1): 5–43, doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.00037
[20] Peter Harbage and Len Nichols, “A Premium Price,” (Washington: New America Foundation, 2006); Ken Thorpe, “Paying a Premium,” (Washington: Families USA, 2005), Available: http://www.familiesusa.org/resources/publications/reports/ paying-a-premium.html
[21] American College of Emergency Physicians. “The Uninsured: Access To Medical Care”, Available from:www.acep.org/News-Media-top-banner/The-Uninsured--Access-To-Medical-Care/
[22] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. Hidden Costs, Values Lost: Uninsurance in America. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. 3, Spending on Health Care for Uninsured Americans: How Much, and Who Pays? Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221653
[2] C.P. Jones, “ ‘Race’, Racism, and the Practice of Epidemiology,” American Journal of Epidemiology 154, no. 4 (2001): 299–304; D.R. Williams and P.B. Jackson, “Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health,”Health Affairs 24, no. 2 (2005): 325–334; and M.E. Ford and P.A. Kelly,
[3] Ford and Kelly “Conceptualizing and Categorizing Race and Ethnicity in Health Services Research,” Health Services Research 40, no. 5, Part 2 (2005): 1658–1675. 5. F,
[4] Jennifer Cheeseman Day. Brett O’Hara, Daniel Taylor, “Another Difference Between the Sexes – Health Insurance Coverage (2015)”, Available: http://blogs.census.gov/2015/09/16/another-difference-between-the-sexes-health-insurance-coverage-3/
[5] Kaiser Family Foundation Analysis, “Women’s Health Insurance Coverage, 2015” Available: http://kff.org/womens-health-policy/fact-sheet/womens-health-insurance-coverage-fact-sheet/
[6] Sonja Bidmon PhD, Ralf Terlutter Phd. “Gender Differences in Searching for Health Information on the Internet and the Virtual Patient-Physician Relationship in Germany: Exploratory Results on How Men and Women Differ and Why”J Med Internet Research, 2015 Jun 22;17(6):e156. doi: 10.2196/jmir.4127.
[7] Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. “The Uninsured A Primer, key facts about health insurance on the eve of health reform” Oct 2013. Available: https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/7451-09-the-uninsured-a-primer-key-facts-about-health-insurance.pdf
[8] Kaiser Family Foundation. (May 2014).Women and Health Care in the Early Years of the ACA: Key Findings from the 2013 Kaiser Women’s Health Survey.
[9] Nisha Kurani,Usha Ranji, MS,Alina Salganicoff, PhD,Anne Jankiewicz,David Rousseau.“Infographic, Visualizing Health Policy: Health Care Coverage and Access for Men, 2013-2015”, Kaiser Family Foundation
[10] David R. Williams and Pamela Braboy Jackson. “Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health”, Health Affairs, 24, no.2(2005)”325-334 doi:10.1377/hlthaff.24.2.325
[11] Marc L. Berk, PhD, Leigh Ann Albers, MA, and Claudia L. Schur, PhD, “Growth in the US uninsured population, trends in Hispanic Subgroups, 1977-1992”. AJPH 1996
[12] Karen Davis. “The Costs and Consequences of being uninsured” The Commonwealth Fund Medical Care Research and Review 60 (2): 89S–99S
[13] Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. “Children’s Health—Why Health Insurance Matters.” Washington, DC: KFF, 2002.
[14] Derigne, L., S. Porterfield, and S. Metz. “The Influence of Health Insurance on Parent’s Reports of Children’s Unmet Mental Health Needs.” Maternal and Child Health Journal, vol. 13, Number 2, March, 2009, pp. 176-186.
[15] IOM, Coverage Matters; Johnson, “Health Insurance Coverage at Midlife”; Johnson et al., A Medicare Buy-In for the Near Elderly; and Shea et al., “Betwixt and Between.”
[16] J. Michael McWilliams, Alan M. Zaslavsky, Ellen Meara, and John Z. Ayanian “Health Insurance Coverage and Mortality among The Near Elderly”, Health Affairs, 23, no.4 (2004):223-233
[17] R.N. Anderson and B.L. Smith,” Deaths: Leading Causes for 2001”, National Vital Statistics Reports 52, no. 9 (Hyattsville, Md.: National Center for Health Statistics, 2003).
[18] Baker DW, Sudano JJ, Albert JM, Borawski EA, Dor A, “Lack of health insurance and decline in overall health in late middle age” N Engl J Med. 2001 Oct 11; 345(15):1106-12.
[19] Ellen O'Brien, “Employers' Benefits from Workers' Health Insurance” Milbank Q. 2003 Mar; 81(1): 5–43, doi: 10.1111/1468-0009.00037
[20] Peter Harbage and Len Nichols, “A Premium Price,” (Washington: New America Foundation, 2006); Ken Thorpe, “Paying a Premium,” (Washington: Families USA, 2005), Available: http://www.familiesusa.org/resources/publications/reports/ paying-a-premium.html
[21] American College of Emergency Physicians. “The Uninsured: Access To Medical Care”, Available from:www.acep.org/News-Media-top-banner/The-Uninsured--Access-To-Medical-Care/
[22] Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance. Hidden Costs, Values Lost: Uninsurance in America. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2003. 3, Spending on Health Care for Uninsured Americans: How Much, and Who Pays? Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221653
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Published
2015-12-18
How to Cite
Tijani-Eniola, O. (2015). Gender and Race Differences in the Uninsured Population of the United States, 2013 – 2014. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 14(3), 255–263. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1158
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