Leaching Retention of CCA Metals from High- Temperature Reaction with Alkaline Earth and Iron Based Sorbents
Keywords:
Incineration, CCA, Adsorption, Leachate Management, Source ModificationAbstract
Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) was the dominant wood preservative used for outdoor wood products to prevent structural decay prior to its phase down starting from 2004. Incineration is one key disposal alternative for CCA-treated wood; however, it results in volatilization of metals at high temperature and accumulation of metals in ash. The objective of this study was to assess alkaline earth and iron based sorbents for their capability to minimize leaching of metals from the incinerator ash. Experiments were carried out by heating CCA metal spikes combined with sorbents to temperatures of 700, 900 and 1100 oC. The residual ash was analyzed for leaching retention using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and speciation by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results show that alkaline earth sorbents (cement, calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide) were the most promising for reducing the leaching of arsenic from the ash below the 5 mg/L TCLP limit and retaining copper at concentrations below detection limits. For chromium, iron and magnesium based sorbents resulted the highest retention with low leachate concentrations (<5 mg/L) at temperatures of 1100 oC. Leaching appeared to be highly pH dependent with As and Cu leaching more at low pH values and Cr leaching more at high pH values. Results also indicate that the formation of compounds like Ca3As2O7, FeCr2O4 and CuCr2O4 during the reaction reduced the volatilization of metals. The results suggest that a combination of sorbents at different stages of high-temperature processes may offer effective control of the leaching of CCA metals.
References
[1] B.I. Khan, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, and Y. Cai. "Release of Arsenic to the Environment from CCA-Treated Wood. 1. Leaching and Speciation during Service." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 40(3), pp. 988-993, 2006.
[2] R.P. Vlosky. "Statistical Overview of the U.S. Wood Preserving Industry: 2007". Louisiana Forest Products Development Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2009.
[3] L. Hsueh. "Beyond Regulations: Industry Voluntary Ban in Arsenic Use." Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 131, pp. 435-446, 2013.
[4] T.G. Townsend, B. K. Dubey, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Disposal Issues of Preservative Treated Wood (Book Chapter 33)." American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., USA, 2008.
[5] B.I. Khan, J. Jambeck, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, and Y. Cai. "Release of Arsenic to the Environment from CCA-Treated Wood. 2. Leaching and Speciation during Disposal." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 40(3), pp. 994-999, 2006.
[6] T. Tolaymat, T.G. Townsend, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Chromated Copper Arsenate Treated Wood in Recovered Wood." Journal of Environmental Engineering Sciences, vol. 17(1), pp. 19-28, 2000.
[7] L. Coudert, J.F. Blaisa, G. Merciera, P. Cooper, A. Janinb, and L. Gastonguayc. "Demonstration of the Efficiency and Robustness of an Acid Leaching Process to Remove Metals from Various CCA-treated Wood Samples." Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 132, pp. 197-206, 2014.
[8] K. Iida, J. Pierman, T. Tolaymat, T.G. Townsend, and C. Y. Wu. "Control of CCA Wood Incineration Air Emissions and Ash Leaching using Sorbent Technology." Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 130(2), pp.184-192, 2004.
[9] H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, J. Penha, T. Tolaymat, and V. Calitu. "Generation, Use, Disposal, and Management Options for CCA-treated Wood, Final Technical Report." Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Gainesville, Florida, vol. 98-1, 1998.
[10] T. Shibata, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, L.E. Fleming, Y. Cai, and T.G. Townsend. “A Mass Balance Approach for Evaluating Leachable Arsenic and Chromium from an In-Service CCA-treated Wood Structure.” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 372, pp. 624–635, 2007.
[11] P. A. Cooper. "Leaching of CCA from Treated Wood - pH Effects." Forest Products Journal, vol. 41(1), pp. 30-32, 1991.
[12] T.G. Townsend, T. Tolaymat, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, B. K. Dubey, K. Stook, and L. Wadanambi. "Leaching of CCA-treated Wood: Implications for Waste Disposal." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 114(1-3), pp. 75-91, 2004.
[13] R. Maas, S. Patch, and J.F. Berkowitz. "Research Update on the Health Effects Related to Use of CCA-treated Lumber." Chemistry in New Zealand, pp. 25-31, Jun. 2003.
[14] J. Song, B. K. Dubey, Y.C. Jang, T.G. Townsend, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Implication of Chromium Speciation on Disposal of Discarded CCA-Treated Wood." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 128(2-3), pp. 116-121, 2006.
[15] S. Katz and H. Salem. "The Toxicology of Chromium with Respect to its Chemical Speciation: A Review." Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 13(3), pp. 217-224, 1993.
[16] P. Weis, and J. S. Weis. "Accumulation of Metals in Consumers Associated with Chromated Copper Arsenate-treated Wood Panels." Marine Environmental Research, vol. (48), pp. 73-81, 1999.
[17] F. Scala, C. Anacleria, and S. Cimino. "Characterization of a Regenerable Sorbent for High Temperature Elemental Mercury Capture from Flue Gas." Fuel, vol. 108, pp. 13–18, 2013.
[18] J. W. Pritts, R. D. Neufeld, and J. T. Cobb. "Stabilization of Heavy Metal Containing Hazardous Wastes with Byproducts from Advanced Clean Coal Technology Systems." Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 49(10), pp. 1190-1200, 1999.
[19] S. Venkatesh, D. J. Fournier, L. R. Waterland, and G. J. Carroll. "Evaluation of Mineral-based Additives as Sorbents for Hazardous Trace Metal Capture and Immobilization in Incineration Processes." Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, vol. 13(1), pp. 73-94, 1996.
[20] D. Daniel, J. Walker, and T. B. Hardy. "Innovations and Uses for Lime". American Society for Testing and Materials International, Baltimore, MD, 1992.
[21] J. C. Chen, M. Y. Wey, and W. Y. Ou. "Capture of Heavy Metals by Sorbents in Incineration Flue Gas." Science of the Total Environment, vol. 228(1), pp. 67-77, 1999.
[22] B. K. Gullett and K. Raghunathan. "Reduction of Coal-Based Metal Emissions by Furnace Sorbent Injection." Energy & Fuels, vol. 8(5), pp.1068-1076, 1994.
[23] T. C. Ho, T. C. Chuang, S. Chelluri, Y. Lee, and J. R. Hopper. "Simultaneous Capture of Metal, Sulfur and Chlorine by Sorbents During Fluidized Bed Incineration." Waste Management, vol. 21(5), pp. 435-441, 2001.
[24] P. A. Riveros, J. E. Dutrizac, and P. Spencer. "Arsenic Disposal Practices in the Metallurgical Industry." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, vol. 40(4), pp. 395-420, 2001.
[25] USEPA. "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW846, 3rd Edition." United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington D.C., 2003.
[26] M. B. Stern, S. B. Stern, and Z. Mansdorf. "Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene." CRC Press, 1998.
[27] C. Y. Wu, and T. Barton. "A Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis to Determine the Potential Sorbent Materials for the Control of Arsenic Emissions from Combustion Sources." Journal of Environmental Engineering Sciences, vol. 18(3), pp. 179-192, 2001.
[28] H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, B. Messick, and V. Calitu. "Characteristics of Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood Ash." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 89(2-3), pp. 213-232, 2002.
[29] F. Cuypers and L. Helsen. “Pyrolysis of Chromated Copper arsenate (CCA) Treated Wood Waste at Elevated Pressure: Influence of Particle Size, Heating Rate, Residence Time, Temperature and Pressure.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 92, pp. 111–122, 2011.
[30] S. Mahuli, R. Agnihotri, S. Chauk, A. Ghosh-Dastidar, and L. S Fan. "Mechanism of Arsenic Sorption by Hydrated Lime." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 31(11), pp. 3226-3231, 1997.
[31] T. Matsumoto, H. Matsuura, and F. Tsukihashi. "Oxidation and Evaporation Behaviors of Cr, Cu and As During Incineration of Wood Treated by Chromated Copper Arsenate Preservative." High Temperature Materials and Processes, vol. 31(4-5), pp. 559–568, 2013.
[32] B.I. Khan, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, B.K. Dubey, T.G. Townsend, and Y. Cai. "Arsenic Speciation of Solvent-Extracted Leachate from New and Weathered CCA-Treated Wood.' Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 38, pp. 4527-4534, 2004.
[33] L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck (2005). "Review of Disposal Technologies for Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) Treated Wood Waste, with Detailed Analyses of Thermochemical Conversion Processes." Environmental Pollution, 134(2), 301-314.
[34] P. M. Randall. "Arsenic Encapsulation using Portland Cement with Ferrous Sulfate/Lime and Terra-BondTM Technologies — Microcharacterization and Leaching Studies." Science of the Total Environment, vol. 420, pp. 300–312, 2012.
[35] B. K. Dubey, T. G. Townsend, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, and G. Bitton. "Impact of Surface Water Conditions on Preservative Concentrations and Aquatic Toxicity of Treated Wood Leachate." Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41(10), pp. 3781-3786, 2007.
[36] K. Stook, T. Tolaymat, M. Ward, B. K. Dubey, T.G. Townsend, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, and G. Bitton. "Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests." Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39(1), pp. 155-163, 2005.?
[2] R.P. Vlosky. "Statistical Overview of the U.S. Wood Preserving Industry: 2007". Louisiana Forest Products Development Center, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 2009.
[3] L. Hsueh. "Beyond Regulations: Industry Voluntary Ban in Arsenic Use." Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 131, pp. 435-446, 2013.
[4] T.G. Townsend, B. K. Dubey, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Disposal Issues of Preservative Treated Wood (Book Chapter 33)." American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., USA, 2008.
[5] B.I. Khan, J. Jambeck, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, and Y. Cai. "Release of Arsenic to the Environment from CCA-Treated Wood. 2. Leaching and Speciation during Disposal." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 40(3), pp. 994-999, 2006.
[6] T. Tolaymat, T.G. Townsend, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Chromated Copper Arsenate Treated Wood in Recovered Wood." Journal of Environmental Engineering Sciences, vol. 17(1), pp. 19-28, 2000.
[7] L. Coudert, J.F. Blaisa, G. Merciera, P. Cooper, A. Janinb, and L. Gastonguayc. "Demonstration of the Efficiency and Robustness of an Acid Leaching Process to Remove Metals from Various CCA-treated Wood Samples." Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 132, pp. 197-206, 2014.
[8] K. Iida, J. Pierman, T. Tolaymat, T.G. Townsend, and C. Y. Wu. "Control of CCA Wood Incineration Air Emissions and Ash Leaching using Sorbent Technology." Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 130(2), pp.184-192, 2004.
[9] H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, J. Penha, T. Tolaymat, and V. Calitu. "Generation, Use, Disposal, and Management Options for CCA-treated Wood, Final Technical Report." Florida Center for Solid and Hazardous Waste Management, Gainesville, Florida, vol. 98-1, 1998.
[10] T. Shibata, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, L.E. Fleming, Y. Cai, and T.G. Townsend. “A Mass Balance Approach for Evaluating Leachable Arsenic and Chromium from an In-Service CCA-treated Wood Structure.” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 372, pp. 624–635, 2007.
[11] P. A. Cooper. "Leaching of CCA from Treated Wood - pH Effects." Forest Products Journal, vol. 41(1), pp. 30-32, 1991.
[12] T.G. Townsend, T. Tolaymat, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, B. K. Dubey, K. Stook, and L. Wadanambi. "Leaching of CCA-treated Wood: Implications for Waste Disposal." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 114(1-3), pp. 75-91, 2004.
[13] R. Maas, S. Patch, and J.F. Berkowitz. "Research Update on the Health Effects Related to Use of CCA-treated Lumber." Chemistry in New Zealand, pp. 25-31, Jun. 2003.
[14] J. Song, B. K. Dubey, Y.C. Jang, T.G. Townsend, and H.M. Solo-Gabriele. "Implication of Chromium Speciation on Disposal of Discarded CCA-Treated Wood." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 128(2-3), pp. 116-121, 2006.
[15] S. Katz and H. Salem. "The Toxicology of Chromium with Respect to its Chemical Speciation: A Review." Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol. 13(3), pp. 217-224, 1993.
[16] P. Weis, and J. S. Weis. "Accumulation of Metals in Consumers Associated with Chromated Copper Arsenate-treated Wood Panels." Marine Environmental Research, vol. (48), pp. 73-81, 1999.
[17] F. Scala, C. Anacleria, and S. Cimino. "Characterization of a Regenerable Sorbent for High Temperature Elemental Mercury Capture from Flue Gas." Fuel, vol. 108, pp. 13–18, 2013.
[18] J. W. Pritts, R. D. Neufeld, and J. T. Cobb. "Stabilization of Heavy Metal Containing Hazardous Wastes with Byproducts from Advanced Clean Coal Technology Systems." Journal of Air & Waste Management Association, vol. 49(10), pp. 1190-1200, 1999.
[19] S. Venkatesh, D. J. Fournier, L. R. Waterland, and G. J. Carroll. "Evaluation of Mineral-based Additives as Sorbents for Hazardous Trace Metal Capture and Immobilization in Incineration Processes." Hazardous Waste & Hazardous Materials, vol. 13(1), pp. 73-94, 1996.
[20] D. Daniel, J. Walker, and T. B. Hardy. "Innovations and Uses for Lime". American Society for Testing and Materials International, Baltimore, MD, 1992.
[21] J. C. Chen, M. Y. Wey, and W. Y. Ou. "Capture of Heavy Metals by Sorbents in Incineration Flue Gas." Science of the Total Environment, vol. 228(1), pp. 67-77, 1999.
[22] B. K. Gullett and K. Raghunathan. "Reduction of Coal-Based Metal Emissions by Furnace Sorbent Injection." Energy & Fuels, vol. 8(5), pp.1068-1076, 1994.
[23] T. C. Ho, T. C. Chuang, S. Chelluri, Y. Lee, and J. R. Hopper. "Simultaneous Capture of Metal, Sulfur and Chlorine by Sorbents During Fluidized Bed Incineration." Waste Management, vol. 21(5), pp. 435-441, 2001.
[24] P. A. Riveros, J. E. Dutrizac, and P. Spencer. "Arsenic Disposal Practices in the Metallurgical Industry." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, vol. 40(4), pp. 395-420, 2001.
[25] USEPA. "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, SW846, 3rd Edition." United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington D.C., 2003.
[26] M. B. Stern, S. B. Stern, and Z. Mansdorf. "Applications and Computational Elements of Industrial Hygiene." CRC Press, 1998.
[27] C. Y. Wu, and T. Barton. "A Thermodynamic Equilibrium Analysis to Determine the Potential Sorbent Materials for the Control of Arsenic Emissions from Combustion Sources." Journal of Environmental Engineering Sciences, vol. 18(3), pp. 179-192, 2001.
[28] H.M. Solo-Gabriele, T.G. Townsend, B. Messick, and V. Calitu. "Characteristics of Chromated Copper Arsenate-Treated Wood Ash." Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 89(2-3), pp. 213-232, 2002.
[29] F. Cuypers and L. Helsen. “Pyrolysis of Chromated Copper arsenate (CCA) Treated Wood Waste at Elevated Pressure: Influence of Particle Size, Heating Rate, Residence Time, Temperature and Pressure.” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 92, pp. 111–122, 2011.
[30] S. Mahuli, R. Agnihotri, S. Chauk, A. Ghosh-Dastidar, and L. S Fan. "Mechanism of Arsenic Sorption by Hydrated Lime." Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 31(11), pp. 3226-3231, 1997.
[31] T. Matsumoto, H. Matsuura, and F. Tsukihashi. "Oxidation and Evaporation Behaviors of Cr, Cu and As During Incineration of Wood Treated by Chromated Copper Arsenate Preservative." High Temperature Materials and Processes, vol. 31(4-5), pp. 559–568, 2013.
[32] B.I. Khan, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, B.K. Dubey, T.G. Townsend, and Y. Cai. "Arsenic Speciation of Solvent-Extracted Leachate from New and Weathered CCA-Treated Wood.' Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 38, pp. 4527-4534, 2004.
[33] L. Helsen and E. Van den Bulck (2005). "Review of Disposal Technologies for Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) Treated Wood Waste, with Detailed Analyses of Thermochemical Conversion Processes." Environmental Pollution, 134(2), 301-314.
[34] P. M. Randall. "Arsenic Encapsulation using Portland Cement with Ferrous Sulfate/Lime and Terra-BondTM Technologies — Microcharacterization and Leaching Studies." Science of the Total Environment, vol. 420, pp. 300–312, 2012.
[35] B. K. Dubey, T. G. Townsend, H. M. Solo-Gabriele, and G. Bitton. "Impact of Surface Water Conditions on Preservative Concentrations and Aquatic Toxicity of Treated Wood Leachate." Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 41(10), pp. 3781-3786, 2007.
[36] K. Stook, T. Tolaymat, M. Ward, B. K. Dubey, T.G. Townsend, H.M. Solo-Gabriele, and G. Bitton. "Relative Leaching and Aquatic Toxicity of Pressure-Treated Wood Products Using Batch Leaching Tests." Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39(1), pp. 155-163, 2005.?
Downloads
Published
2015-12-08
How to Cite
Misra, A., Dubey, B., Wu, C.-Y., Townsend, T. G., & Solo-Gabriele, H. M. (2015). Leaching Retention of CCA Metals from High- Temperature Reaction with Alkaline Earth and Iron Based Sorbents. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 14(3), 142–160. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1064
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
