The Effect of Acute and Subchronic Administration of Crude Khat Extract (Catha Edulis F.) on Weight in Mice
Keywords:
Catha edulis, Anorexia, Weight, Acute, SubchronicAbstract
People widely chew khat, particularly in East Africa, for different purposes but there is no consistent data showing its effect on anorexia and weight. This study was made to add to the existing body of knowledge about khat and its effect on weight. A total of 50 albino mice, 6-8 weeks old, were administered orally with a single daily dose of khat extract for 30 days. The animals were divided into 4 groups. The first group served as controls and was administered with 0.5 ml 3% Tween 80 in water. Group two (K100), three (K200) and four (K300) were administered 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg khat extract, respectively. The effect of crude khat extract on weight was measured and analyzed using One-way ANOVA. The result showed that acute administration of crude khat extract at doses used did have a significant effect on weight on all the three groups (khat administered) (p< 0.01) but there was no significant weight difference among the three groups. After the fourth days, this weight decrease, however, was followed by regaining the initial weight and then increasing till the end of the experiment. Crude khat extract at acute and sub-chronic administration have anorexic effect but followed by development of tolerance which may be explained by a complex of Neuro-chemical processes.
References
[1] Hoffman, R. and Al’absi, M. (2010). Khat use and neurobehavioral functions: suggestions for future studies, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132:554–563.
[2] Abderrahman, S. and Modallal, N. (2008). Genotoxic effects of Catha Edulis (Khat) extract on mice bone marrow cells, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 1(4): 165-172.
[3] Kimani, S., and Nyongesa, A. (2008). Effects of single daily khat (Catha Edulis) extract on spatial learning and memory in c mice, Behavioural Brain Research 195:192–197.
[4] Hassen, N.A.G.M., Gunaid, A., Murry-Lyon,I. (2007). Khat (Catha Edulis):health aspects of khat chewing, Eastern Mediterranean health journal 13(3):706-718.
[5] International Brain Research Organization, 8th Ibro World Congress of Neuroscience (2011). African habit gives policy makers something to chew over, Florence, Italy.
[6] Connor, J., Rostom, A. and Makonnen, E.(2002). Comparison of effects of khat extract and amphetamine on motor behaviors in mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81:65-71.
[7] Wabe, N. (2011). Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of khat (Catha Edulis Forsk): a review, Addict & Health 3(3-4): 137-149.
[8] ECDD (2006). Assessment of khat (Catha edulis Forsk)
[9] Al-Hebshi, N. and Skaug, N. (2005). Khat (Catha Edulis)—an updated review, Addiction Biology 10:299 – 307.
[10] Feyissa, A. and Kelly, J. (2008). A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat, Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32: 1147–1166.
[11] Al-Motarreba, A., Al-Haborib, M., and Broadley, K. (2010). Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: The current situation and directions for future research, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132:540–548.
[12] Yimer, A., Khan, M. (2015). Determination of iron, cobalt, chromium and copper metals in commercially available khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5 (1) :66-74
[13] The ECDD (2006). Assessment of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) 4.4
[14] Dhaifalah, I. and Šantavy, J. (2004). Khat habit and its health effect. A natural amphetamine, Biomed. Papers 148(1), 11–15.
[15] AL-abed, A., Sutan, R., Al-Dubai, S., Aljunid, S. (2014). Family context and khat chewing among adult yemeni women: a cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International
[16] Al Harazi, A. H., Frass, K. (2009). Persistent khat chewing habit during pregnancy may affect neonatal birth weight. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine,7 (5)
[17] Mohammed, F., Gerbi, A., Teffera, A., Seyoum, G., Nedi, T., and Engidawork, E. (2014). Subchronic crude khat (Catha edulis F.) extract administration produces short-term memory impairment in behavioral tasks without morphological toxicity to the dentate gyrus in mice. Ethiop. Pharm. J. 30 (2), 77-94
[18] Muche A, Makonnen E, Kinfu Y, Afework M. (2006). The effect of ethanol and khat (Catha edulis F.) on the cerebellar cortex of early postnatal rats. Pharmacologyonline 3: 862-876.
[19] Shewamene, Z., Engidawork, E. (2014). Subacute administration of crude khat (Catha edulis F.) extract induces mild to moderate nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14:66
[20] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 407) (1995), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents, 1-8.
[21] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 407) (2008), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents, 1-13.
[22] Bedada, W. And Engidawork, E. (2010). The neuropsychopharmacological effects of Catha Edulis in mice offspring born to mothers exposed during pregnancy and lactation, Phytother. Res. 24: 268–276.
[23] Bogale,T. and Engidawork, E.(2013). The potential effect of subchronic administration of crude Khat (Catha Edulis F.) extract on schizophrenia in mice, Addis Ababa University (unpublished).
[24] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 425) (2008), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – up-and-down-procedure (UDP), 1-27.
[25] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 423) (2001), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – acute toxic class method, 1-14.
[26] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 420) (2001), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – fixed dose procedure, 1-14.
[27] Etuk, E., Adebiyi, R., Elsa, A. and Agaie, B. (2006). Acute and subchronic (28-day) oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalceae) in mice, International Journal of Pharmacology 2(4):421-425.
[28] Corkery, J., Schifano, F., Oyefeso, A., Ghodse, H., Tonia, T., Naidoo,V. and Button,J. (2011). Overview of literature and information on “khat-related” mortality: a call for recognition of the issue and further research, Ann Ist Super Sanità 47(4): 445-464.
[29] Mahmood, S., Lindequist, U. (2008). A pilot study on the effect of catha edulis frosk., (celastraceae) on metabolic syndrome in wokw rats. Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 5 (3): 271 – 277
[30] Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) (2013). Khat: A review of its potential harms to the individual and communities in the UK, report, London, 1-96.
[31] Kalix, P. (1988). Khat: a plant with amphetamine effects, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 5: 163-169.
[32] Katzung, B., Basic and clinical pharmacology (ed. 9): McGraw-Hill, 2004
[33] Pasricha, J. P., Treatment of disorders of bowel motility and water flux; antiemetics; agents used in biliary and pancreatic disease, In Laurence L. Brunton (Ed. 11), Goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics (McGraw-Hill, 2006).
[2] Abderrahman, S. and Modallal, N. (2008). Genotoxic effects of Catha Edulis (Khat) extract on mice bone marrow cells, Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences 1(4): 165-172.
[3] Kimani, S., and Nyongesa, A. (2008). Effects of single daily khat (Catha Edulis) extract on spatial learning and memory in c mice, Behavioural Brain Research 195:192–197.
[4] Hassen, N.A.G.M., Gunaid, A., Murry-Lyon,I. (2007). Khat (Catha Edulis):health aspects of khat chewing, Eastern Mediterranean health journal 13(3):706-718.
[5] International Brain Research Organization, 8th Ibro World Congress of Neuroscience (2011). African habit gives policy makers something to chew over, Florence, Italy.
[6] Connor, J., Rostom, A. and Makonnen, E.(2002). Comparison of effects of khat extract and amphetamine on motor behaviors in mice, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 81:65-71.
[7] Wabe, N. (2011). Chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of khat (Catha Edulis Forsk): a review, Addict & Health 3(3-4): 137-149.
[8] ECDD (2006). Assessment of khat (Catha edulis Forsk)
[9] Al-Hebshi, N. and Skaug, N. (2005). Khat (Catha Edulis)—an updated review, Addiction Biology 10:299 – 307.
[10] Feyissa, A. and Kelly, J. (2008). A review of the neuropharmacological properties of khat, Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 32: 1147–1166.
[11] Al-Motarreba, A., Al-Haborib, M., and Broadley, K. (2010). Khat chewing, cardiovascular diseases and other internal medical problems: The current situation and directions for future research, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 132:540–548.
[12] Yimer, A., Khan, M. (2015). Determination of iron, cobalt, chromium and copper metals in commercially available khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 5 (1) :66-74
[13] The ECDD (2006). Assessment of khat (Catha edulis Forsk) 4.4
[14] Dhaifalah, I. and Šantavy, J. (2004). Khat habit and its health effect. A natural amphetamine, Biomed. Papers 148(1), 11–15.
[15] AL-abed, A., Sutan, R., Al-Dubai, S., Aljunid, S. (2014). Family context and khat chewing among adult yemeni women: a cross-sectional study. BioMed Research International
[16] Al Harazi, A. H., Frass, K. (2009). Persistent khat chewing habit during pregnancy may affect neonatal birth weight. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine,7 (5)
[17] Mohammed, F., Gerbi, A., Teffera, A., Seyoum, G., Nedi, T., and Engidawork, E. (2014). Subchronic crude khat (Catha edulis F.) extract administration produces short-term memory impairment in behavioral tasks without morphological toxicity to the dentate gyrus in mice. Ethiop. Pharm. J. 30 (2), 77-94
[18] Muche A, Makonnen E, Kinfu Y, Afework M. (2006). The effect of ethanol and khat (Catha edulis F.) on the cerebellar cortex of early postnatal rats. Pharmacologyonline 3: 862-876.
[19] Shewamene, Z., Engidawork, E. (2014). Subacute administration of crude khat (Catha edulis F.) extract induces mild to moderate nephrotoxicity in rats. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 14:66
[20] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 407) (1995), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents, 1-8.
[21] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 407) (2008), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents, 1-13.
[22] Bedada, W. And Engidawork, E. (2010). The neuropsychopharmacological effects of Catha Edulis in mice offspring born to mothers exposed during pregnancy and lactation, Phytother. Res. 24: 268–276.
[23] Bogale,T. and Engidawork, E.(2013). The potential effect of subchronic administration of crude Khat (Catha Edulis F.) extract on schizophrenia in mice, Addis Ababa University (unpublished).
[24] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 425) (2008), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – up-and-down-procedure (UDP), 1-27.
[25] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 423) (2001), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – acute toxic class method, 1-14.
[26] OECD/OCDE (testing guidelines, 420) (2001), OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals: acute oral toxicity – fixed dose procedure, 1-14.
[27] Etuk, E., Adebiyi, R., Elsa, A. and Agaie, B. (2006). Acute and subchronic (28-day) oral toxicity studies of the aqueous extract of Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen (Polygalceae) in mice, International Journal of Pharmacology 2(4):421-425.
[28] Corkery, J., Schifano, F., Oyefeso, A., Ghodse, H., Tonia, T., Naidoo,V. and Button,J. (2011). Overview of literature and information on “khat-related” mortality: a call for recognition of the issue and further research, Ann Ist Super Sanità 47(4): 445-464.
[29] Mahmood, S., Lindequist, U. (2008). A pilot study on the effect of catha edulis frosk., (celastraceae) on metabolic syndrome in wokw rats. Afr. J. Trad. CAM, 5 (3): 271 – 277
[30] Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD) (2013). Khat: A review of its potential harms to the individual and communities in the UK, report, London, 1-96.
[31] Kalix, P. (1988). Khat: a plant with amphetamine effects, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 5: 163-169.
[32] Katzung, B., Basic and clinical pharmacology (ed. 9): McGraw-Hill, 2004
[33] Pasricha, J. P., Treatment of disorders of bowel motility and water flux; antiemetics; agents used in biliary and pancreatic disease, In Laurence L. Brunton (Ed. 11), Goodman and gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics (McGraw-Hill, 2006).
Downloads
Published
2015-09-11
How to Cite
Mohammed, F., Engidawork, E., & Nedi, T. (2015). The Effect of Acute and Subchronic Administration of Crude Khat Extract (Catha Edulis F.) on Weight in Mice. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 14(1), 132–141. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/905
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
