A Simple Methodology for Monitoring and Analysis of Vertical Displacement of Buildings
Abstract
Measurements and monitoring of the engineering structures such as buildings provides information about the health of the structures and their safety aspects as well the safety of the public. This paper explains the development of a method for the monitoring and analysis of vertical deformation of buildings. The proposed method is developed to add a new solution to traditional methods of geometric leveling, leveling routing, least squares technique for level network adjustment and analysis, and global statistical analysis for evaluating the vertical displacement. The proposed method was used for monitoring and analyzing the vertical displacement of official building in Cairo, Egypt. Three local reference stations, five auxiliary points, and twenty monitoring points were used. All measurements were taken using an automatic level with a parallel plate micrometer attachment and a geodetic invar staff. The observations were carried out at eight epochs of one-month interval. Observations were adjusted using least squares adjustment technique to determine the adjusted levels, observations and generating the necessary statistical data. The results of the first epoch were used as reference results such that the subsequent epochs values were compared with them to compute the vertical displacement of monitoring points for each epoch. Furthermore, values of vertical displacement were compared with their corresponding computed 95% confidence intervals to determine the significance of the existing displacement. The results showed the stability of the building during the monitoring period. The case study shows the efficiency of geometric leveling for the monitoring of deformation of the building structures. It is strongly recommended that engineering structures especially high rise buildings should be monitored at regular basis to check their stability and thereby increasing their safety.References
Aghedo, H. O. (2016), Deformation Monitoring of Ikpoba River Bridge in Benin City, Edo State, Using GPS. Unpublished MSc Thesis of the Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University,Awka.
Alkan, R.M., and Karsidag, G., (2012), Analysis of the accuracy of terrestrial laser scanning measurements, In FIG Working Week 2012. Rome, Italy: International Federation of Surveyors (FIG), p. 16.
Berenyi, A., Lovas, T., and Arpad Barsi, (2010), Terrestrial laser scanning in engineering survey: analysis and application examples, In ASPRS 2010 Annual Conference. San Diego, California: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, p. 8.
Bird, B. (2009), Analysis of Survey Point Displacements Using Total Station Measurements, Published BSc. Technical Report of the Department of Geomatics Engineering, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
Cosarca, C., Jocea, A., and Savu, A., (2009), Analysis of error sources in Terrestrial Laser Scanning. RevCAD, Journal of Geodesy and Cadastre, 9, pp.115–124.
Clarke, J.A., and Laefer, D.F., (2013), Systematic Approach for Large-Scale, Rapid, Dilapidation Surveys of Historic Masonry Buildings, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 8(2), pp.290–310.
Di Yajing and Bai Chengjun, (2011), Application scope of the Terrestrial Laser Scanner in measured survey on architectural heritages, In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). Lushan: IEEE, pp. 2954–2957.
Durán-Dominguez, G., Felicisimo, A., and Polo, M.-E., (2014), 3D study of cultural heritage for conservation. Reliability of the portable 3D laser scanners, In International Congress on Science and Technology for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Seville, Spain.
Dumalski, A., (2011), Evaluation of possible application of terrestrial laser scanner - scanstation in vertical displacement measurements, Technical Sciences, 14(1), pp.33–43.
Ebeling, A., (2014), Ground-Based Deformation Monitoring, Published PhD Thesis of the Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta.
El-Ashmawy, K., (2002), Development of a Land Survey System with CAD/GIS Interfacing Capabilities, Alexandria Engineering Journal, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Egypt, Vol. 41, No. 6, pp 1041-1050.
El-Tokhey, M.E. et al., (2013), Accuracy assessment of laser scanner in measuring and monitoring deformations of structures, World Applied Sciences Journal, 26(2), pp.144–151.
Fregonese, L. et al., (2013), Surveying and Monitoring for Vulnerability Assessment of an Ancient Building, Sensors, pp.9747–9773.
Leica. Internet: http://ptd.leica-geosystems.com/en/index.htm. [cited 12 May 2019].
Okiemute, E. S., Ono Matthew, N., and Fatai, O. O., (2018), Monitoring and Analysis of Vertical Deformation of Palm House Benin City Using Digital Level, International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering (ijasre), 4(9), pp. 6-16.
Mikhail, E. M., (1983), Observations and Least squares, Thomas Y. Crowel Company, Inc.
Copyright (c) 2019 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- By submitting the processing fee, it is understood that the author has agreed to our terms and conditions which may change from time to time without any notice.
- It should be clear for authors that the Editor In Chief is responsible for the final decision about the submitted papers; have the right to accept\reject any paper. The Editor In Chief will choose any option from the following to review the submitted papers:A. send the paper to two reviewers, if the results were negative by one reviewer and positive by the other one; then the editor may send the paper for third reviewer or he take immediately the final decision by accepting\rejecting the paper. The Editor In Chief will ask the selected reviewers to present the results within 7 working days, if they were unable to complete the review within the agreed period then the editor have the right to resend the papers for new reviewers using the same procedure. If the Editor In Chief was not able to find suitable reviewers for certain papers then he have the right to accept\reject the paper.B. sends the paper to a selected editorial board member(s). C. the Editor In Chief himself evaluates the paper.
- Author will take the responsibility what so ever if any copyright infringement or any other violation of any law is done by publishing the research work by the author
- Before publishing, author must check whether this journal is accepted by his employer, or any authority he intends to submit his research work. we will not be responsible in this matter.
- If at any time, due to any legal reason, if the journal stops accepting manuscripts or could not publish already accepted manuscripts, we will have the right to cancel all or any one of the manuscripts without any compensation or returning back any kind of processing cost.
- The cost covered in the publication fees is only for online publication of a single manuscript.