Consociational Democracy in Africa
Keywords:
Consociationalism, Democracy, EthnicAbstract
The analysis of favorable factors for establishment and maintenance of consociation democracy in Africa is important to assess the probability of success for consociation model in diverse societies. However, „these? factors have not been dealt with adequately in the previous studies on Africa. So, my work attempts firstly to discuss on the presence or absence of favorable conditions for consociationalism in Africa, secondly show a comparative analysis of favorable conditions in consociational democratization attempts, hindrances and prospects in Benin, Botswana and Kenya, thirdly contextualization explanations of forces leading to consociationalism either through structural or voluntaristic classification of selected consociational democratic cases, fourthly a review of impediments to and prospects for consociational democratization in Africa generally, and lastly a conclusion with a comparative way forward of the selected cases for consociational democratization in Africa at large.
References
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[7] A.S. Ahmed, , Identity and Ideology in Pakistan. Third World Quarterly. 11 (4), 54- 69, 1989
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[9] A. Lijphart, The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review.90, 258-268, 1996
[10] A. Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. (1985)
[11] A. Lijphart, Constitutional Design for Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy. 15 (2), 96-109, 2004
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[13] A. Lijphart, Self-determination versus pre-determination of ethnic minorities’ in power-sharing systems. In W. Kymlicka, (Eds.), The Rights of Minority Cultures (pp. 275-87).Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995
[14] A. Lijphart, The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy. In A. Reynolds (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy, pp.37-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[15] K. Adeney, , Constitutional centering: Nation formation and consociational federalism in India and Pakistan. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. 40 (3), 8-33 , 2002
[16] A Onadipe, ‘The return of Africa’s old guard’, Contemporary Review, no. 269,, p 88. 1996[20]
[17] B. A Magnusson, ‘Testing Democracy in Benin: Experiments in Institutional Reform’, in R Joseph (ed.), State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, p 221, 1999
[18] D. W Throup & C Hornsby, Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Elections, Oxford, 1998.
[19] J .W. Harbeson, D Rothchild & N Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner; S Ndegwa, The Two Faces of Civil Society: NGOs and Politics in Africa, West, 1994.
[20] B. A Magnusson, ‘Democratic Legitimacy in Benin: Institutions and Identity in a Regional Context’ in Villalón & VonDoepp, The Fate, p 75, 2007.
[21] J. A. Widner, The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From ‘Harambee!’ to ‘Nyayo!’, Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1992,
[22] K. Good, ‘Resource Dependency and Its Consequences: The Costs of Botswana’s Shining Gems’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 23 (1), pp. 27 50, 2005
[23] J. D. Holm & S Darnolf, ‘Democratizing the Administrative State in Botswana’, in Y Bradshaw & S Ndegwa (eds.), The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p 134, 2000
[24] F. Morton, A .Murray & J .Ramsey, Historical Dictionary of Botswana: New Edition, Metuchen, NJ & London: Scarecrow, 1989
[25] L D Ngcongco, ‘Tswana Political Tradition: How Democratic?’, in J Holm & P Molutsi (eds.), Democracy in Botswana, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, p 46; G M Somolekae & M H , 1990
[26] K, .AdeneyFederalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. NewYork, 200 7
[27] J. Herbst, ‘Understanding Ambiguity during Democratization in Africa’, in J F Hollifield & C Jilson (eds.), Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, New York & London: Routledge, J Herbst, pp 248-49, 1999
[29] T. Lumumba-Kasongo, ‘the problematic of liberal democracy and democratic process: lessons for deconstructing and building African democracies’, in T Lumumba-Kasongo (ed.), Liberal Democracy and its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress, Dakar: CODESRIA Books, p 15. , 2005
[2,] J. McGarry, and B. O’Leary, Federation as a Method of Ethnic Conflict Regulation. In S.Noel (Eds.), From Power-sharing to Democracy: Post Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies (pp. 263–296). Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2005
[3] B. O'Leary, , "Debating consociational politics: Normative and explanatory arguments". In Noel, Sid JR. From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 3–43. 2005 ISBN 0-7735-29489,
[4] B Moye: African Public Administration, The effective management of personnel Edwin Mellen Press, Ney York, December, 2009
[5] R. Taylor, Consociational Theory: McGarry & O’ Leary and Northern Ireland Conflict.Rout ledge: London, 2009.
[5] A. Lijphart,The Politics of Accommodation: Pluralism and Democracy in the Netherlands (2 nd Ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975
[6] S. Brown, ‘Authoritarian leaders and multiparty elections in Africa: how foreign donors help to keep Kenya’s Daniel arap Moi in power’, Third World Quarterly, 22 (5), pp. 725-39, 2001
[7] A.S. Ahmed, , Identity and Ideology in Pakistan. Third World Quarterly. 11 (4), 54- 69, 1989
[7] A. Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A Comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977
[8] A. Lijphart, Consociational Democracy. World Politics. 21 (2), 207-225, 1969 [1],
[9] A. Lijphart, The Puzzle of Indian Democracy: A Consociational Interpretation. American Political Science Review.90, 258-268, 1996
[10] A. Lijphart, Power-Sharing in South Africa. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California. (1985)
[11] A. Lijphart, Constitutional Design for Divided Societies. Journal of Democracy. 15 (2), 96-109, 2004
[12] A. Lijphart, Multiethnic democracy. In Seymour Upset, (Eds.), the Encyclopedia of Democracy, pp. 853-65. Washington: Congressional Quarterly Inc, 1995
[13] A. Lijphart, Self-determination versus pre-determination of ethnic minorities’ in power-sharing systems. In W. Kymlicka, (Eds.), The Rights of Minority Cultures (pp. 275-87).Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995
[14] A. Lijphart, The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy. In A. Reynolds (Eds.), The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, Conflict Management and Democracy, pp.37-54. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
[15] K. Adeney, , Constitutional centering: Nation formation and consociational federalism in India and Pakistan. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics. 40 (3), 8-33 , 2002
[16] A Onadipe, ‘The return of Africa’s old guard’, Contemporary Review, no. 269,, p 88. 1996[20]
[17] B. A Magnusson, ‘Testing Democracy in Benin: Experiments in Institutional Reform’, in R Joseph (ed.), State, Conflict and Democracy in Africa, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, p 221, 1999
[18] D. W Throup & C Hornsby, Multi-Party Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Elections, Oxford, 1998.
[19] J .W. Harbeson, D Rothchild & N Chazan (eds.), Civil Society and the State in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner; S Ndegwa, The Two Faces of Civil Society: NGOs and Politics in Africa, West, 1994.
[20] B. A Magnusson, ‘Democratic Legitimacy in Benin: Institutions and Identity in a Regional Context’ in Villalón & VonDoepp, The Fate, p 75, 2007.
[21] J. A. Widner, The Rise of a Party-State in Kenya: From ‘Harambee!’ to ‘Nyayo!’, Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford: University of California Press, 1992,
[22] K. Good, ‘Resource Dependency and Its Consequences: The Costs of Botswana’s Shining Gems’, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 23 (1), pp. 27 50, 2005
[23] J. D. Holm & S Darnolf, ‘Democratizing the Administrative State in Botswana’, in Y Bradshaw & S Ndegwa (eds.), The Uncertain Promise of Southern Africa, Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, p 134, 2000
[24] F. Morton, A .Murray & J .Ramsey, Historical Dictionary of Botswana: New Edition, Metuchen, NJ & London: Scarecrow, 1989
[25] L D Ngcongco, ‘Tswana Political Tradition: How Democratic?’, in J Holm & P Molutsi (eds.), Democracy in Botswana, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, p 46; G M Somolekae & M H , 1990
[26] K, .AdeneyFederalism and Ethnic Conflict Regulation in India and Pakistan. NewYork, 200 7
[27] J. Herbst, ‘Understanding Ambiguity during Democratization in Africa’, in J F Hollifield & C Jilson (eds.), Pathways to Democracy: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, New York & London: Routledge, J Herbst, pp 248-49, 1999
[29] T. Lumumba-Kasongo, ‘the problematic of liberal democracy and democratic process: lessons for deconstructing and building African democracies’, in T Lumumba-Kasongo (ed.), Liberal Democracy and its Critics in Africa: Political Dysfunction and the Struggle for Social Progress, Dakar: CODESRIA Books, p 15. , 2005
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2013-04-29
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Kabanda, U. (2013). Consociational Democracy in Africa. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 2(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/510
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