Epidemiology of Tick Borne Heamoprotozoan Infection in Ruminants in District Peshawar, and Periphery, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, (Pakistan)
Keywords:
Haemoprotozoans, livestock, buffaloe, theiliriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, prevalence.Abstract
Heamoprotozoans are responsible for considerable economic losses in livestock in Pakistan. In the present study 1101 blood samples (690 cattle (Bos indicus), 243 Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) 108 sheep, and 60 goats) were examined for blood parasites from June 2013 to June 2016. The overall prevalence of theileriosis in three years was found to be 67.39, 15.63, 15.74, and 0 % in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats, respectively. The prevalence of babesiosis in three years was found to be 15.79, 51.44, 14.81 and 41.66 % in cattle, buffaloe, sheep and goats, respectively. The prevalence of anaplasmosis in three years was found to be 2.9, 13.99, 29.63, and 1.66 % in cattle, buffaloes, sheep and goats respectively. The highest prevalence of theileriosis, babesiosis and anplasmosis was recorded in cattle, buffaloes and sheep respectively, while goats showed negligible small prevalence percentage of anplasmosis and Zero % of theileriosis.
References
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[24] O'Callaghan CJ (1998). A study of the epidemiology of theileriosis on smallholder dairy Farms in Kiambu District, Kenya. PhD thesis,University of Guelph.
[25] Perry BD, Grandin BE, Mukhebi AW, Young AS, Chabari F, Maloo S, Thorpe W, Delehanty J, Mutugi JJ, Murethi J (1990). Techniques to identify target populations for immunization and to assess the impact of controlling East Coast Fever in Kenya. Young AS, Mutugi J.J. and. Maritin A.C editors. KARI.
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[2] Ashfaq M, Ajmal M, Ahmad S (1983). An outbreak of theileriosis in crossbred neonate calves. Pakistan. Vet. J. 3: 44-46.
[3] Burriro S, Phullan NMS, Arijo AH, Memon AB (1994). Incidence of some haemoprotozoans in Bos-indicus and Bubalis bubalis in Hyderabad. Pakistan. Vet. J. 14: 28-29
[4] Deem SL, Perry BD, Katende JM, McDermott JJ, Mahan SM, Maloo SH, Morzaria SP, Musoke AJ, Rowlands GJ (1993). Variations in prevalence of tick-borne diseases in Zebu cattle by agroecological zone: implications for East Coast fever immunisation. Preventive Veterinary Medicine.16: 171–187.
[5] Dumler, J.S., Barbet, A.F., Becker, C.P.J., Dasch, G.A., Palmer, G.H., Ray, S.C., Rikihisa, Y. & Rurangirwa, F.R. (2001). Reorganization of the genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales : unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma,Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrllichia equi and “HGE agent” as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophilia. International Journal of Systematic Evolutionary Microbiology 51: 2145–2165.
[6] EI-Metenawy TU (2000). Prevalence of blood parasites among cattle at the central area of Saudi Arabia. Vet. Parasitol. 87: 231-236
[7] Eren H, Ozlem MB, Sert H,Kaplan A (1998). Prevalence of Theileria annulata (Dschunkowsky and Luhs) in cattle of Aydin area. Turkiye Parasitoloji Dergisi, 22: 177-179.
[8] Fadraga M, Cordoves, Puenter T (1991). Circulation of antibodies to haemoparasites in cattle (Bos taurus) of high genetic value in Cuba. Rev.cub-de-cein. Veterinarias. 22: 249-255
[9] Figueroa, J.V., Chieves, L.P., Johnson, G.S. & Buening, G.M. (1993). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA in bovine blood. Veterinary Parasitology 50: 69–81.
[10] Gale, K.R., Dimmock, C.M., Gartside, M. & Leatch, G. (1996). Anaplasma marginale detection of carrier cattle by PCR - ELISA. International Journal of Parasitology 26: 1103–1109.
[11] Gitau GK, Mcdermott JJ, Waltner-Toews D, Lissemore KD, Osumo JM, Muriuki D(1994).Factors influencing calf morbidity and mortality in smallholder dairy farms in Kiambu District of Kenya. Prev. Vet. Med. 21: 167–177.
[12] Gitau GK, Perry BD, Katende JM, McDermott JJ, Morzaria SP, Young AS (1997). The prevalence of serum antibodies to tick-borne infections in cattle in smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya; a cross-sectional study. Prev. Vet. Med. 30: 95–107.
[13] Gitau GK, Perry BD, McDermott JJ (2000). The incidence, morbidity and mortality due to Theileria parva infections in smallholder dairy farms in Murang'a District, Kenya. Prev. Vet. Med. 39: 65–79.
[14] Haider, M.J., Bilqees, F.M., 1988. Anaplasmosis in certain mammals in Karachi and adjoin areas. Proceeding of Parasitology, 6:85.
[15] Johan, B., 2001-2002. Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management BI0380, 2001/2002. Project Report: Water Buffaloes-Ecology and Usefulness in Africa. http://www.evp.slu.se/trop_ecology/JohanB_proj.htm.
[16] Khan MQ, Zahoor A, Jahangir M, Mirza MA (2004). Prevalence of blood parasites in cattle and buffaloes. Pakistan.Vet. J. 24, 4: 193-194
[17] Kokab R (1996). Observations of blood parasites in ungulates of NWFP. M.sc Thesis. Dept. Of. Zool. Univ. Peshawar. 10-12
[18] Kreier JP, Barker JP (1987). Parasitic protozoans. Allen and Unwin. Inc.Boston, USA. 187-188
[19] Kuttler, K.L., 1984. Anaplasma infections in wild and domestic ruminants: a review. J. Wildl. Dis., 20:12-20.
[20] Mayzyad SA, Khalaf SA (2002). Studies on theileria and babesia infecting live and slaughtered animals in Al Arish and El Hasanah, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. 32, 2: 601-610
[21] Merk Vet. Manual. (1998). 8th Ed. Merk and co, Inc. USA. 199-201
[22] Muhammad G, Saqib M, AtharM, khan MZ, Asi MN (1999). Clinico epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of bovine theillriasis. Pakistan. Vet. J.19: 64-69
[23] Nair, A.S., Ravindran, R., Lakshmanan, B., Sreekumar, C., Kumar, S.S., Remya Raju., Tresamol, P.V., Vimalkumar, M.B. and Saseendranath, M.R. (2013). Bovine carriers of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma bovis in South India. Tropical Biomedicine 30(1): 105–112
[24] O'Callaghan CJ (1998). A study of the epidemiology of theileriosis on smallholder dairy Farms in Kiambu District, Kenya. PhD thesis,University of Guelph.
[25] Perry BD, Grandin BE, Mukhebi AW, Young AS, Chabari F, Maloo S, Thorpe W, Delehanty J, Mutugi JJ, Murethi J (1990). Techniques to identify target populations for immunization and to assess the impact of controlling East Coast Fever in Kenya. Young AS, Mutugi J.J. and. Maritin A.C editors. KARI.
[26] Ristic, M. (1981). Anaplasmosis. In: M.Ristic and I. McIntyre (ed), Diseases of cattle in the tropics. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA. pp 443–468.
[27] Sounderarajan, C. & Rajavelu, G. (2006). Prevalence of haemoprotozoans among cattle and buffaloes. Indian Veterinary Journal 83: 1258–1260
[28] Sreekumar, C., Anandan, R., Balasundaram, S. & John, L. (2000). Detection of E. bovis like organism in cultured buffalo monocytes. Tropical Animal Health and Production 32: 67–72
[29] Tick Cost Version 1.0 (1990). Economic impact of ticks and associated diseases on cattle : Summary of economic survey conducted by International Livestock Research Institute and Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Part 3, pp.1-7.
[30] Urquhart (1998). Text book of veterinary parasitology. 400-401
[31] Wright IG (1989). Veterinary Protozoan and Haemoparasites vaccines. CRC Press Inc. Bola Raton,Florida, USA. 356-357
[32] Zabita K, Gohar Z, Habibullah MJ (2005). Prevalence Of of Anaplasmosis, babesiosis and theilariosis in dairy cattle in Peshawar .Sarhad. J. Agric. 21, 3: 311-316.
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Published
2017-09-06
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Anwar, K., & Din, A. (2017). Epidemiology of Tick Borne Heamoprotozoan Infection in Ruminants in District Peshawar, and Periphery, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, (Pakistan). American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 35(1), 191–200. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/3329
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