Failure of Slopes and Embankments Under Static and Seismic Loading
Keywords:
slope, embankment, failure, seismic action, tolerable movements, vulnerability curves, simulation, random fields, L.A.S. algorithm, fluctuations, permanent seismic displacements.Abstract
The stability of slopes and embankments under the influence of static and seismic loads has been the subject of study for many researchers. This paper presents the mechanisms and causes of landslides as well as the forms of failure of slopes and embankments under static and seismic loading, with examples of failures from both Greek and international space. There is also mention to measures to protect and stabilize landslides, categories of slope stability analysis, and methods of seismic impact analysis. What follows is the determination of tolerable movements based on the caused damage on natural slopes, dams and embankments and an attempt is made to connect them with the vulnerability curves that are one of the key elements of stochastic seismic hazard. Particular importance is given to the statistical parameters of the mechanical characteristics of the sloping soil mass and to the simulation of random fields necessary for solving complex geotechnical works. Finally, we compare the simulation and description of random fields and the L.A.S. method is observed to be the most accurate of all simulation methods. The L.A.S. algorithm in conjunction with finite difference models can demonstrate the large fluctuations in the factor of safety values and the permanent seismic displacements of the slopes under the effect of seismic charges whose time histories are known.
References
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[2] Budhu M. (2010). “Soil Mechanics and Foundations, (2010)” John Wiley & Sons, 3rd. Edition, NY.
[3] Pitilakis et al (2010). Physical vulnerability of elements at risk to landslides Methodology for evaluation, fragility curves and damage states for building and lifelines. Deliverable 2.5 in EUFP7 research project No 226479 SafeLand Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of global change and risk management strategies.
Pitilakis K. (2010). Geotechnical Seismic Engineering. Ziti Publications. ISBN 960-456-226-6.
Pitilakis K., (2011). Fragility functions for roadway system elements. Seventh Framework programme. Task Leader, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.p.p. 7-10, 15-18, 55-71.
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[5] Matasovic N. (1991). Selection of Method for Seismic Slope Stability Analysis. Proceedings of Second International Conference on recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics March 11-15,1991, St.Luis, Missouri,Paper No 7.20.
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[8] Dakoulas P. (1991). Stability of slopes and Earth Dams Under Earthquaqes : Concluding Remarks, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geotechnical Earthquaqe Engineering and Soil dynamics, St.Louis ,Missouri, March 11-15, Vol 3 , p.p. 2157.
Dakoulas P. (2003). Seismic Analysis of Gravity Quay Walls. Proceedings of International Workshop on Prediction and simulation in Geomechanics, 14-15, October 2003, Athens, Greece.
Dakoulas P. and Gazetas G. (2005). Seismic Effective Stress Analysis of Caisson Quay Walls: Application to Kobe, Journal of Soils and Foundations, 45(4),133-147
Dakoulas P. (2005). Advanced Soil Mechanics (Elasto-plastic Constitutive Models for soils). Notes for the Graduate Course Advanced Soil Mechanics, University of Thessaly, Greece, 400 pages.
Dakoulas P. (2008) Non-Linear 3D Analysis of the Construction, Filling and Seismic Response of Rockfill Dams (CFRD) - Important Parameters. University of Thessaly, Volos,
Dakoulas P. (2010) Soil dynamics. Teaching Notes. Civil Engineering Department University of Thessaly.
Dakoulas P. (2012) Soil Mechanics Teaching Notes. Civil Engineering Department University of Thessaly.
Prakash S. and Dakoulas P. (1994). Grand failures under Seismic Conditions, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, p.p. 260.
[9] http://www.omicronkappa.gr. (2005) Omicron Kappa Consulting S.A., Athens, Greece.
[10]Ambraseys N, Srbrulov M. (1995). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Earthquake induced displacements of slopes. Volume 14, issue 1, 1995, p.p.59-71.
[11] Newmark, N.M. (1965). Effect of earthquakes on dams and embankments, Geotechnique, Vol. 15, No 2, London, England, June,p.p. 139-160
[12] Dawson E.M., Roth W.H.and Drescher A. (1999). Slope stability analysis by strength reduction. Geotechnique, 49 (6), p.p. 835-840
[13] Comodromos E, Pitilakis K. and Hatzigogos T. (1992a). Procédure Numérique pour la Simulation des Excavations des Sols Elastoplastiques. Revue Franç?ise de Geothechnique, 58, 51-66.
Comodromos E., Hatzigogos T.and Pitilakis K.(1992b). Finite Element Algorithm for Analyzing Geotechnical Problems with Variable Domain and Boundaries. In proc.IV Numer.Mod. in Geomech. 577-587, Swansea, U.K.
Comodromos E., Hatzigogos T.and Pitilakis, K. (1992c). Finite Element Algorithm for Simulating Problems with Variable Domain and Boundaries. In proc.1st National Congress on Computational Mechanics, GRACH, Athens, Greece, 274-281.
Comodromos E. and Naskos N. (1999). Stabilization of a building in a landslide area with an anchored capped pile structure. Cost C7 Workshop on Soil Structure-Interaction, 129-143.
Comodromos A., (2008). Soil-Construction Interaction. University of Thessaly, Volos, pp.6-7 and 18-57.
Comodromos A., (2008). Computational Geotechnical Engineering. Soil-Construction Interaction. Klidarithmos Publications, Athens, P.27-28, 88-92, 157-162 and 341-397.
[14] Gazetas G and Dakoulas P. (1991). Seismic analysis and design of rockfill dams: state-of-the-art. Soil Dynamics and Earthquakes Engineering 11, p.p. 27-61.
Gazetas G., Dakoulas P. and Papageorgiou A. (1990). Local-Soil and Source-Mechanism Effects in the 1986 Kalamata (Greece) Earthquake, Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol 19, p.p.431-456.
Gazetas G., Dakoulas P. and Anastasopoulos J. (2005). Failure of the quay walls during the Lefkada 14-8-2003 Earthquake, 5th Greek Conference in Geotechnical Engineering, Xanthi, Vol 2,159-166.
[15] Seed, H.B. et al (1973). Analysis s of the slides in the San Fernando Dams during the earthquake of Feb, 9, 1971, Report No EERC 73-2, Univ Calif, Berkeley, 1973.
Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1992). Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earth-quakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Berkeley, CA, p.p.134-135
[16]Travassarou Th. (2006). Probabilistic Methodology for the Calculation of Remaining Seismic Shifts in Slopes. Oakland, USA.5th Panhellenic Geotechnical Conference, TEE, Xanthi, p.p.18.
[17]Vougioukas E, Dimitrakopoulou K., Mantadakis V., (2011). Vulnerability of public utility networks. NTUA Athens July 2011.
[18] NIBS (2004). HAZUS: Hazard US: Earthquake Loss Estimation Methodology. National Institute of Building Sciences, NIBS document 5200-03, Washington, DC.
[19] Bray, J.D., and Travasarou, Th. (2009). Pseudostatic coefficient for use in simplified seismic slope stability evaluation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 135(9), 1336-1340.
[20] Fortsakis P., Stylianidis E. and Kavvadas M. (2010). Stability of Slope Slopes using Stochastic Methods.6th Pan-Hellenic Conference of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, TEE, p.p.1-8.
[21] Baecher G. and Christian J. (2003): Geotechnical reliability: playing cards with the universe, Proc. Pan-American Conf. on SMGE (Soil and Rock America 2003), Vol.2, p.p.2751-2755
[22] Mostyn G.R. and Soo S., (1992). The effect of autocorrelations on the probability of failure slopes. Proceedings of 6th Australia, New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics: Geotechnical Risk 542-546, Christchurch, 3-7 February, New Zealand Geomechanics Society Wellington.
[23] Griffiths D.V. and Fenton G.A (2007). Probabilistic methods in geotechnical engineering. CISM courses and lectures No 491, International centre for mechanical sciences, Springer Wien, New York.
Griffiths D.V. and Fenton G.A. (2004) Probabilistic slope stability analysis by finite elements. NSF Grant No CMS-9877189, p.p. 1-27.
Griffiths D.V. Huang J. (2009) Influence of Spatial Variability on Slope Reliability Using 2-D Random Fields. Journal of Geotechnical and geoenviromental engineering ASCE/October 2009/ p.p 1367-1375.
Griffiths D.V., Huang J. and Fenton G.A. (2010). Probabilistic infinite slope analysis. (Infoslope 2010), p.p. 1-3
Griffiths, D.V. and Lane P.A. (1999). Slope stability Analysis by finite Elements, Geothechnique, vol.49, No 3 p.p. 387-403.
Griffiths, D.V., and Prevost, J.H., (1988). Two and three-dimensional dynamic finite element analyses of the Long Valley dam, Geotechnique, 1988.
[24] Fenton A.G. and Vanmarcke EH (1990). Simulation of Random Fields via Local Average Subdivision, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol.116, No 8 p.p. 1733-1749
Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D, V. (2002). Probabilistic foundation Settlement on spatially random Soil. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental, p.p.128(S), 381-390.
Fenton and Griffiths (2003). Bearing- capacity prediction of spatially random c-phi soils. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, p.p 40, 54-65.
Fenton G.A., Griffiths D.V. and Urquhart A. (2003). A slope stability model for spatially random soils. In Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP9), A. Kiureghian et al. Eds Millpress, San Fransisco, CA, p.p 1263-1269.
Fenton GA, Griffiths DV. (2007). Random field generation and local average subdivision method. New York. CISM Courses and Lectures.
Fenton A.G. and Griffiths D.V. (2008). Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering. John Viley and Sons, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-470-17820-1 p.p. 91-235, 381-392.
[25] Harr M.E. (1987). Reliability-based design in civil engineering. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York.
[26] https://www.google.gr/search?q=Kulhawy+1992&sa
[27] Phoon K.K, Kulhawy F.H. (1999). Characterization of geotechnical variability. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36(4): 612-624
Phoon K.K. and Kulhawy F.H. (1999). Characterization of geotechnical variability. Can Geotech. 36:612-624, 1999.
Phoon K.K. and Kulhawy F.H. (1999). Evaluation of geotechnical property variability. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, p.p.36, 625-639.
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2017-08-27
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Alamanis, N. (2017). Failure of Slopes and Embankments Under Static and Seismic Loading. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 35(1), 95–126. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/3282
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