Retaining Force Augmentation of Retaining Walls
Keywords:
Retaining wall, Concrete block, Retaining force, Horizontal re-bar.
Abstract
Concrete blocks retaining walls are commonly used for landscaping projects in which the retaining force strength of the structure is of paramount importance in preserving the integrity of the project and safety of humans and property. The effect of augmenting the retaining force strength of concrete block retaining walls was investigated using interlocking and interlocking with a horizontal steel re-bar and compared with regular concrete block walls. The average maximum retaining force for regular, interlocking and interlocking with horizontal rebar walls was 16862 N, 24546 N, and 80855 N at wall deflection of 12.2 mm, 13.3 mm and 50.7 mm, respectively. The average maximum retaining force of the interlocking and the interlocking with horizontal re-bar walls increased by 45.6 % and 379.5 %, respectively, when compared to regular concrete block walls. The inclusion of a horizontal steel re-bar in the interlocking design showed an increase of 229.4 % in the retaining force strength. The wall sections without the horizontal re-bar failed abruptly beyond the maximum retaining force for both the regular and interlocking blocks. The interlocking concrete block design and the inclusion of a horizontal steel re-bar both significantly augmented the retaining force strength of concrete block retaining walls.References
[1] Ching FD, Faia RS, Winkel P. Building Codes Illustrated: A Guide to Understanding the 2006 International Building Code, 2nd ed., New York, NY: Wiley; 2006.
[2] Ambrose J. Simplified Design of Masonry Structures, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991.
[3] Crosbie M, Watson D. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
[4] Anonymous. Commercial Installation Manual for Allan Block Retaining Walls, 13, 2011. Accessed 22 August 2016. Available: http://www.allanblock.com/literature/pdf/abcommmanual.pdf
[5] Anonymous. The Family Handyman, How to Build a Concrete Block Retaining Wall. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.familyhandyman.com/landscaping/retaining-wall/how-to-build-a-concrete-block-retaining-wall/view-all
[6] Sayyed QQ, Shaikh MG. Articulated hollow concrete masonry blocks for earth-retaining structures, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2015:4(4):315-317.
[7] Javidan F, Safarnejad M, Shahbeyk S. Shape optimization of hollow concrete blocks using the lattice discrete particle model,” Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment - Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering. 2013:4(3):243-250.
[8] Zaretsky B. Segmental block retaining walls, The Journal of Light Construction. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.jlconline.com/how-to/framing/segmental-block-retaining-walls_o
[9] Huang T.“Mechanical behavior of interconnected concrete-block retaining wall. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering. 1997:123(3):197-203.
[10] Anonymous. Elite precast concrete, Interlocking concrete blocks. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.eliteprecast.co.uk/interlocking-precast-concrete-blocks/duo-interlocking-concrete-blocks/
[2] Ambrose J. Simplified Design of Masonry Structures, New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1991.
[3] Crosbie M, Watson D. Time-Saver Standards for Architectural Design, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2005.
[4] Anonymous. Commercial Installation Manual for Allan Block Retaining Walls, 13, 2011. Accessed 22 August 2016. Available: http://www.allanblock.com/literature/pdf/abcommmanual.pdf
[5] Anonymous. The Family Handyman, How to Build a Concrete Block Retaining Wall. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.familyhandyman.com/landscaping/retaining-wall/how-to-build-a-concrete-block-retaining-wall/view-all
[6] Sayyed QQ, Shaikh MG. Articulated hollow concrete masonry blocks for earth-retaining structures, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 2015:4(4):315-317.
[7] Javidan F, Safarnejad M, Shahbeyk S. Shape optimization of hollow concrete blocks using the lattice discrete particle model,” Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment - Geo-hazards and Civil Engineering. 2013:4(3):243-250.
[8] Zaretsky B. Segmental block retaining walls, The Journal of Light Construction. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.jlconline.com/how-to/framing/segmental-block-retaining-walls_o
[9] Huang T.“Mechanical behavior of interconnected concrete-block retaining wall. Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering. 1997:123(3):197-203.
[10] Anonymous. Elite precast concrete, Interlocking concrete blocks. Accessed 26 August, 2016. Available:http://www.eliteprecast.co.uk/interlocking-precast-concrete-blocks/duo-interlocking-concrete-blocks/
Published
2017-07-16
Issue
Section
Articles
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
- By submitting the processing fee, it is understood that the author has agreed to our terms and conditions which may change from time to time without any notice.
- It should be clear for authors that the Editor In Chief is responsible for the final decision about the submitted papers; have the right to accept\reject any paper. The Editor In Chief will choose any option from the following to review the submitted papers:A. send the paper to two reviewers, if the results were negative by one reviewer and positive by the other one; then the editor may send the paper for third reviewer or he take immediately the final decision by accepting\rejecting the paper. The Editor In Chief will ask the selected reviewers to present the results within 7 working days, if they were unable to complete the review within the agreed period then the editor have the right to resend the papers for new reviewers using the same procedure. If the Editor In Chief was not able to find suitable reviewers for certain papers then he have the right to accept\reject the paper.B. sends the paper to a selected editorial board member(s). C. the Editor In Chief himself evaluates the paper.
- Author will take the responsibility what so ever if any copyright infringement or any other violation of any law is done by publishing the research work by the author
- Before publishing, author must check whether this journal is accepted by his employer, or any authority he intends to submit his research work. we will not be responsible in this matter.
- If at any time, due to any legal reason, if the journal stops accepting manuscripts or could not publish already accepted manuscripts, we will have the right to cancel all or any one of the manuscripts without any compensation or returning back any kind of processing cost.
- The cost covered in the publication fees is only for online publication of a single manuscript.