Effects of Varying Levels of Moringa oleifera on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Clarias gariepinus Post-Fingerlings
Keywords:
Alternate Protein source, Clarias gariepinus, Fish feed ingredient, Fish meal, Moringa oleifera.Abstract
The study examined the Growth performance and Nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus post- fingerlings fed varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diets for a period of 8 weeks from July 31st to 25th September, 2015. Moringa oleifera leaf meal substituted fish meal at 0% (Control), 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% in the five different diets. Clarias gariepinus post-fingerlings (Mean weight (4.19±1.06g) were randomly distributed into 10 plastic bowls at 12 fish / bowl in duplicate treatments and were fed twice daily; in the morning and evening for 8 weeks. The Mean Weight Gain (MWG), Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) were calculated.
The highest Mean Weight gain (MWG) of 5.58g was recorded in the Fishes fed 15% M. oleifera leaf meal and the lowest Mean Weight Gain of 3.79g was recorded in the Fishes fed 25% M. oleifera leaf meal. The Highest Standard Length increase of 2.67g was recorded in 15% M. oleifera leaf meal fed fish and the lowest value of 1.99g was recorded in the fishes fed 20% M. oleifera leaf meal. The results obtained in the experiment showed that fishes fed with the control diet did not show statistical significant difference (p>0.05) from fishes fed with 10% and 15% M. oleifera leaf meal diets in mean weight gain (MWG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Fish condition Factor (K) obtained in control experiment was 0.94 while it was 1.1 in Fish fed with 15% M. oleifera Leaf meal diet. The Fish were in good condition during the experiment. The present study showed that M. oleifera leaf meal has good potential for use as fish meal substitute in C. gariepinus diet up to 15% level without compromising growth.
References
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[12] F.A., Hafez, S.M., Hashish, O.M. El-Husseiny, and A.M. El-Waly. The influence of partial replacement of soybean meal protein by some non-conventional plant protein sources on performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia. In: Anonymous Aquaculture 2001 Book of Abstracts, pp. 266-267. 2001
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[19] A. Bairagi, K.S.Ghosh, , S.K. Sen, and A.K. Ray. “Duckweed (Lemna polyrhiza) leaf meal as a source of feedstuff in formulated diets for rohu (Labeo rohita ham.) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish intestinal bacterium”. Bioresource technology 85 (1), pp.17-42. 2002.
[20]S. Patnaik, D.N. Swamy, M. Rout, and K.M. Das. “Use of ottelia and nymphoides leaf meal as protein source in the feed of Indian major carp fry”. In: Anonymous Proceedings of the National Symposium on New
Horizons in Freshwater Aquaculture, 23–25 January 1991, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India , Bhubaneswar, India: Association of Aquaculturists (India)/CIFA 1991
[21]M. Garduno-Lugo and M.A. “Olvera-Novoa. Potential of the use of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) leaf meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)”. Aquaculture Research 39 (12), pp.1299-1306. 2008.
[22] K. Becker. Moringa oleifera; an underutilized tree with amazing versatility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 28 2003, 45-56.
[23] H. Abo-State, H. Y. Yasser Hammouda, A. El-Nadi and H. Abo Zaid. “Evaluation of Feeding Raw Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Leaves Meal in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) Diets”. Global Veterinaria 13 (1), 105-111, 2014
[24]O. K. Gbadamosi and N. R. Osungbemiro. “Growth and nutritional performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed varying inclusion levels of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal”. Livestock Research for Rural Development vol. 28 (11), 2016 Article #204. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/11/gbad28204.html
[25] L. Shuaib, S. Suchita, K. Ritesh, K. Anil Maurya And C., Debabrata. Experimental of Moringa oleifera Leaf And Fruit for Its Antistress, Antioxidant and Scavenging Potential Using In Vitro And In Vivo Assay. 2012
[26] A. M. Hammed, A. O. Amosu, A. F. Awe and F. F. Gbadamosi. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) infected adults African mud cat fish. International Journal of Current Research, 7, (10), 22117-22122. 2015. Available online at http://www.journalcra.com.
[27] N., Richter, P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker. “Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia”. Aquaculture, 217(1-4), pp 599-611. 2003
[28] S.O., Ayoola M.P. Kuton and O.O. Shokefun. “An evaluation of Nutritional quality and Haematological parameters of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Lam Leaves in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)”. Agrosearch 13(1), pp 1-15, 2013.
[29] N.O. Bello, G. C. Nzeh. Effect of varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet on growth performance, haematological indices and biochemical enzymes of African catfish, Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Elixir Aquaculture, 57A pp 14459-14466, 2013
[30] C.O., Olaniyi, N.O.Ajani and M.N. Adetomi. “Growth performance and Nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed Moringa oleifera Leaf meal”. Journal of Natural Sciences Research; 3(8), pp 2224-3186, 2013.
[31]H. E. Dienye and O.K. Olumuji. “Growth performance and Haematological responses of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf meal”. Net Journal of Agricultural Science 2 (2), pp 79-88. 2014.
[32] H.P.S Makkar and K. Becker. Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. Journal of Agricultural Science 128 pp. 311-322. 1997.
[33] N. Adikwu. Dietary carbohydrate utilization in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 2(1), pp. 33-37, 1992.
[34] Association of Official Analytical Chemists international (AOAC). Official methods of analysis, 17th edition AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.2000.
[35] A.A. Eyo. “The requirements for formulating standard artificial fish feed”. paper presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), held at the Lagos State Auditorium Secretariat Alausa Ikeja, Lagos State, 1994 pp. 40-70.
[36] T.B. Bagenal. Methods of assessment of fish production in fresh water. Blackwell Science publication Oxford IBP. Handbook No. 3, 1978. pp.35.
[37] I. Oduro, W. O. Elis, D Owusu. “Nutritional potential of two leafy vegetable: Moringa oleifera and Ipomea batatas leaves”. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(2). 57-60. 2008.
[38] O. M. Odetola, O.O. Adetola, T.I. Ijadunola, O.Y. Adedeji, O.A. Adu. “Utilisation of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leave meal as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit’s diets.” Scholarly Journalof Agricultural Science. 2(2), pp 309-313. 2012
[39] S. N. Ochang, B. M. Peter, O. N. Ugbor, A. Egor “Effect of diets with moringa leaf meal on growth, carcass composition and haematology of Clarias gariepinus” International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3(2), pp 397-401, 2015.
[40] A.O. Sotolu. Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed varying inclusions of Leucaena luecocephala seed meal. Tropicultura 28(3), pp.168-172. 2010
[41] W, Afung, P. Siddhuranju K. Becker. “Comparative nutritional evaluation of raw methanol extract residues and methanol extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)”. Aquaculture Res., 34, pp.1147 – 1159, 2003.
[42] E.A. Fasakin, A.M. Balogun and B.E. Fasuru. “Use of Duckweed, Spirodela pohyorhiza L. Schieiden, as a protein feed stuff in practical diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L”. Aquaculture Res., 30, pp 313 – 318, 1999.
[43] N. Madalla. Novel feed ingredients for Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus). A thesis submitted for degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. United Kingdom. 2008
[2] T. Hecht. Review of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa. In: Hasan, M.R., Hecht, T., De Silva, S.S. and Tacon, A.G.J., (Eds.) Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Study and analysis of feeds and fertilizers for sustainable aquaculture development. 2007. pp. 77-109.
[3]S.S. De Silva, Supplementary feeding in semi-intensive aquaculture systems. In: New, M., Tacon, A. and Csavas, E., (Eds.) FAO/ AADCP Regional Expert Consultation on Farm-Made. Aquafeeds, 14-18 December 1992, Bangkok, Thailand, Rome, Italy: FAORAPA/AADCP, Bangkok, Thailand. 1993
[4] K.R.,Thompson, L.A. Muzinic, L.S. Engler, and C.D.Webster ‘’Evaluation of practical diets containing different protein levels, with or without fish meal, for juvenile Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)’’. Aquaculture 244 (1-4):241-249. 2005.
[5] A.G. Coche, B. Haight and M. Vincke. Aquaculture development and research in sub-Saharan Africa: Synthesis of national reviews and indicative action plan for research. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. CIFA Technical Paper No. 23, 1994
[6] E.J Mullaney, C.B. Daly, and A.H.J. Ullah. Advances in phytase research. In: Anonymous Advances in Applied Microbiology. Volume 47 edn. pp. 157-199. 2000
[7] G., Francis, H.P.S. Makkar and K. Becker. ‘’Products from little researched plants as aquaculture feed ingredients’’.AGRIPPA [Online] Available at http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/ARTICLE/AGRIPPA/551_EN.HTM [Accessed: 12 June 200])
[8] R. Subasinghe. (2003). An outlook for aquaculture development: major issues, opportunities and challenges. In: Subasinghe, R. and McGladdery, S., (Eds.) Review of the State of World Aquaculture, Rome Italy: FAO 2003.
[9] L.C. Nwanna, A.E Falaye, A.O. Sotolu. Water hyacinth Eichhomia crassipes (Mart solms): a sustainable protein source for fish feed in Nigeria. Food health and environmental issues in developing countries: the Nigeria situation. O.C. Adeboye, K.A. Taiwo and A.A. Fatufe (Eds.) Alexander Von Humboldt Foudation, Bonn – Germany. pp. 187 – 194. 2008
[10] P.M.P. Ferreira, A.F.F.U Carvalho, D.F Farias, N.G Cariolano, V.M.M. Melo, M.G.R Queiroz, A.M.C Martins and J.G. Machado-Neto. “Larvicidal activity of the water extract of Moringa oleifera seeds against Aedes aegypti and its toxicity upon laboratory animals”. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 81(2), pp 207-216. 2009
[11]C.B., Santiago, M.B.,Aldaba, M.A. Laron and O.S. Reyes. “Reproductive performance and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ) broodstock fed diets cotaining Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal”. Aquaculture 70 (1-2), pp 53-61. 1988.
[12] F.A., Hafez, S.M., Hashish, O.M. El-Husseiny, and A.M. El-Waly. The influence of partial replacement of soybean meal protein by some non-conventional plant protein sources on performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia. In: Anonymous Aquaculture 2001 Book of Abstracts, pp. 266-267. 2001
[13] I.G. Borlongan, and I.G.Coloso. “Leaf meals as protein sources in diets for milkfish Chanos chanos (forsskal)” In: De Silva, S.S., (Ed.) Fish Nutrition Research in Asia: Proceedings of the 5th Asian Fish Nutrition Workshop, January 1993, 1994
[14] H.V. Vijayakumar Swamy and K.V. Devaraj. “Effect of plant and animal meal based diets on conversion rates, nutrient digestion and nutrient accretion by indian major carp fry Catla catla (ham.)” Journal of Animal Morphology and Physiology 42 (1-2), 27-32. 1995.
[15] O.M.,Yousif, G.A. Alhadrami, and M. Pessarakli. “Evaluation of dehydrated alfalfa and salt bush (Atriplex) leaves in diets for tilapia (Oreochromis aureus L.)” Aquaculture 126 (3-4), 341-347. 1994.
[16] T.K. Mondal and A.K. Ray. The nutritive value of Acacia auriculiformis leaf meal in compounded diets for Labeo rohita fingerlings. In: Anonymous the Fourth Indian Fisheries Forum, 24-28 November 1996, 1999
[17] P.S., Eusebio, R.M. Coloso, and R.E.P.Mamauag. Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets for grouper Epinephelus coioides juveniles. In: Anonymous 6th Asian Fisheries Forum, 25-30 November 2001, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Asian Fisheries Society. 2001
[18] M.R. Hassan, P.K Roy and A.M. Akand. “Evaluation of Leucaena leaf meal as a dietary protein source for indian major carp (Labeo rohita) fingerlings”. Aquaculture 124 (1-4), pp. 65-66. 1994.
[19] A. Bairagi, K.S.Ghosh, , S.K. Sen, and A.K. Ray. “Duckweed (Lemna polyrhiza) leaf meal as a source of feedstuff in formulated diets for rohu (Labeo rohita ham.) fingerlings after fermentation with a fish intestinal bacterium”. Bioresource technology 85 (1), pp.17-42. 2002.
[20]S. Patnaik, D.N. Swamy, M. Rout, and K.M. Das. “Use of ottelia and nymphoides leaf meal as protein source in the feed of Indian major carp fry”. In: Anonymous Proceedings of the National Symposium on New
Horizons in Freshwater Aquaculture, 23–25 January 1991, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India , Bhubaneswar, India: Association of Aquaculturists (India)/CIFA 1991
[21]M. Garduno-Lugo and M.A. “Olvera-Novoa. Potential of the use of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) leaf meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in diets for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)”. Aquaculture Research 39 (12), pp.1299-1306. 2008.
[22] K. Becker. Moringa oleifera; an underutilized tree with amazing versatility. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp 28 2003, 45-56.
[23] H. Abo-State, H. Y. Yasser Hammouda, A. El-Nadi and H. Abo Zaid. “Evaluation of Feeding Raw Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Leaves Meal in Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus) Diets”. Global Veterinaria 13 (1), 105-111, 2014
[24]O. K. Gbadamosi and N. R. Osungbemiro. “Growth and nutritional performance of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed varying inclusion levels of dietary Moringa oleifera leaf meal”. Livestock Research for Rural Development vol. 28 (11), 2016 Article #204. Retrieved March 12, 2017, from http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd28/11/gbad28204.html
[25] L. Shuaib, S. Suchita, K. Ritesh, K. Anil Maurya And C., Debabrata. Experimental of Moringa oleifera Leaf And Fruit for Its Antistress, Antioxidant and Scavenging Potential Using In Vitro And In Vivo Assay. 2012
[26] A. M. Hammed, A. O. Amosu, A. F. Awe and F. F. Gbadamosi. Effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila) infected adults African mud cat fish. International Journal of Current Research, 7, (10), 22117-22122. 2015. Available online at http://www.journalcra.com.
[27] N., Richter, P. Siddhuraju and K. Becker. “Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia”. Aquaculture, 217(1-4), pp 599-611. 2003
[28] S.O., Ayoola M.P. Kuton and O.O. Shokefun. “An evaluation of Nutritional quality and Haematological parameters of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Lam Leaves in the diet of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)”. Agrosearch 13(1), pp 1-15, 2013.
[29] N.O. Bello, G. C. Nzeh. Effect of varying levels of Moringa oleifera leaf meal diet on growth performance, haematological indices and biochemical enzymes of African catfish, Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Elixir Aquaculture, 57A pp 14459-14466, 2013
[30] C.O., Olaniyi, N.O.Ajani and M.N. Adetomi. “Growth performance and Nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus fed Moringa oleifera Leaf meal”. Journal of Natural Sciences Research; 3(8), pp 2224-3186, 2013.
[31]H. E. Dienye and O.K. Olumuji. “Growth performance and Haematological responses of African mud catfish Clarias gariepinus fed dietary levels of Moringa oleifera Leaf meal”. Net Journal of Agricultural Science 2 (2), pp 79-88. 2014.
[32] H.P.S Makkar and K. Becker. Nutrients and antiquality factors in different morphological parts of the Moringa oleifera tree. Journal of Agricultural Science 128 pp. 311-322. 1997.
[33] N. Adikwu. Dietary carbohydrate utilization in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) J. Agric. Sci. Tech. 2(1), pp. 33-37, 1992.
[34] Association of Official Analytical Chemists international (AOAC). Official methods of analysis, 17th edition AOAC International, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.2000.
[35] A.A. Eyo. “The requirements for formulating standard artificial fish feed”. paper presented at the 11th Annual Conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), held at the Lagos State Auditorium Secretariat Alausa Ikeja, Lagos State, 1994 pp. 40-70.
[36] T.B. Bagenal. Methods of assessment of fish production in fresh water. Blackwell Science publication Oxford IBP. Handbook No. 3, 1978. pp.35.
[37] I. Oduro, W. O. Elis, D Owusu. “Nutritional potential of two leafy vegetable: Moringa oleifera and Ipomea batatas leaves”. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(2). 57-60. 2008.
[38] O. M. Odetola, O.O. Adetola, T.I. Ijadunola, O.Y. Adedeji, O.A. Adu. “Utilisation of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leave meal as a replacement for soybean meal in rabbit’s diets.” Scholarly Journalof Agricultural Science. 2(2), pp 309-313. 2012
[39] S. N. Ochang, B. M. Peter, O. N. Ugbor, A. Egor “Effect of diets with moringa leaf meal on growth, carcass composition and haematology of Clarias gariepinus” International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3(2), pp 397-401, 2015.
[40] A.O. Sotolu. Growth performance of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) fed varying inclusions of Leucaena luecocephala seed meal. Tropicultura 28(3), pp.168-172. 2010
[41] W, Afung, P. Siddhuranju K. Becker. “Comparative nutritional evaluation of raw methanol extract residues and methanol extract of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves on growth performance and feed utilization in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)”. Aquaculture Res., 34, pp.1147 – 1159, 2003.
[42] E.A. Fasakin, A.M. Balogun and B.E. Fasuru. “Use of Duckweed, Spirodela pohyorhiza L. Schieiden, as a protein feed stuff in practical diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L”. Aquaculture Res., 30, pp 313 – 318, 1999.
[43] N. Madalla. Novel feed ingredients for Nile Tilapia, (Oreochromis niloticus). A thesis submitted for degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland. United Kingdom. 2008
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2017-05-29
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Idowu, E., Adewumi, A., Oso, J., Edward, J., & Obaronbi, G. (2017). Effects of Varying Levels of Moringa oleifera on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Clarias gariepinus Post-Fingerlings. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 32(1), 79–95. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/2795
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