Violence in Ugandan Secondary Schools
Keywords:
Violence, Secondary Schools, Uganda.Abstract
This paper examines violence in Ugandan secondary schools in the past, at present and in the future. It starts by identifying the different forms of violence, before dealing with each of the forms holistically, arguing that the concept has several dimensions which collectively limit school and student educational achievement. The paper thus suggests efforts to be made to curb violence in Ugandan secondary schools. The paper brings out the fact that violence in Ugandan secondary schools has a long history. Efforts have been put in place to prevent violence though it remains a mountainous task that schools have to grapple with lest it spreads into the future. The paper ends by calling upon Government and other stakeholders to constantly make efforts towards the elimination of all forms of violence in all Ugandan secondary schools.
References
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[24]. J. La Fontaine. Bullying; the child’s view: An analysis of telephone calls to ChilLine about bullying. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1991, pp. 4-26
[25]. J. Parkes. “Gender-based Violence in Education”: Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2015, Education for All 2000-2015: achievements and challenges, 2015
[26]. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Children and Violence: Report of the Commission on Children and Violence. London: Gulbekian Foundation, London, 1995, pp. 4
[27]. F. Leach and P. Machakanja. A Preliminary Investigation into the Abuse of Girls in Zimbabwean Junior Secondary Schools. Education Research Paper No. 39, DfID, London, 2000, pp.100
[28]. R. Mirembe & L. Davies. “Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations and school culture in Uganda.” Gender and Education, Vol. 13 (4), 401-416, 2001
[29]. F. E. K. Bakkabulindi. “Equity of University Education in Uganda” 7th Mbarara University of Science and Technology Annual Research Dissemination Conference, Mbarara, Uganda, 2011.
[30]. A. B. K. Kasozi. University Education in Uganda: Challenges and opportunities for reform. Fountain Publishers, Kampala, 2003, pp. 5-12
[31]. L. Mause. History of Childhood, New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, pp. 1-3
[32]. J.H. Plumb. “The new world of children in 18th, century England” in Past & Present, Vol. 67 (1), pp.64-95, 1975.
[33]. M. Donnelly & A. Straus. “Corporal Punishment of children in theoretical perspective” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp 3-7
[34]. Working Group on Corporal Punishment. “Protection of children against corporal punishment in schools and institutions; summary discussions”. National commission for the protection of child rights. New Delhi. Internet: http://harprathmik.gov.in/pdf/rte/corporal%20punishment%20ncpcr.pdf, 2008[Dec. 10th, 2016]
[35]. Wikipedia. “School Corporal Punishment”. Internet: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/school_corporal_punishment, Dec. 4th, 2016 [Dec. 10, 2016]
[36]. O. Maruel. “Spanking: questions and answers about disciplinary violence”, New revised and expanded edition. Available at: www.nospank.net/sp-qadv.htm, 2005 [Oct. 20th, 2016]
[37]. P.G. Okoth, “The creation of a dependent culture: The imperial school curriculum in Uganda”. In J.A. Mangan, (Ed.) The Imperial curriculum: Racial images and education in the British colonial experience. New York: Routledge.1993, pp. 153-170.
[38]. P. P. Kelly & S. Odama. “Democratic education only for some: Secondary schooling in Northern Uganda”. International Journal of Education, Vol. 3(1) 1-22, 2011
[39]. V. Mncube & C. Harber. “Violence in South African Schools: What Is External and what is Internal to Schools?” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 5(3) 324- 331, 2014
[40]. M. Wernham. An Outside Chance: Street Children and Juvenile Justice – An International Perspective. London, Consortium for Street Children, 2004, pp.82
[41]. C. Harber. “Education In and After Violent Conflict: Stability and the Status Quo or Transformation and Peace?” Review Essay, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. pp. 213-216. 2012
[42]. A. Tripp. “The changing face of authoritarianism in Africa: The case of Uganda”. Africa Today, Vol. 50 (3), pp. 2-26, 2004.
[43]. United States Agency for international development. “Are schools safe havens for children? Examining school-related gender-based violence.” Available at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadm792.pdf. 2008 [Dec. 10th , 2016]
[44]. J. Parkes and J. Heslop. “Stop Violence Against Girls in School: A cross-country analysis of baseline research from Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique”. London: ActionAid International, 2011, pp. 10-67.
[45]. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. “Corporal punishment of children in Uganda”. Internet: www.endcorporalpunishment.org [Oct. 29th, 2016]
[46]. Republic of Uganda. “Peace, recovery and development plan for northern Uganda”. Internet: http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/Ug.PRDP.pdf ,2007 [October 5th, 2016]
[47]. S. Radoja. “Creating a purposeful and therapeutic learning environment for repatriated child soldiers and abducted children in the northern Ugandan war zone”, presented at Division of Education and Child Psychology Annual Conference. Glasgow, Scotland, 2007.
[48]. J. Sutton, & P. K. Smith. “Bullying as a group process: An adaptation of the participant role approach”. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 25, pp. 97–111, 1999.
[49]. F. Leach., M. Dunne., & F. Salv. “A global review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to school related gender based violence for the education sector” Background paper prepared for UNESCO, 2014.
[50]. N. Duncan. “Gendered violence in schools” In Combating gender violence in and around schools, edited by F Leach & C Mitchell. Stoke On Trent: Trentham Books, 2006, pp 51-59
[51]. M. Mpundu. “Spare the rod and save Zambian school children”. Internet: http://www.panos.org.uk/?lid=19743, Dec. 4th, 2013 [Oct. 30th, 2016]
[52]. Republic of Uganda. “Peace, recovery and development plan for northern Uganda”. Kampala, Uganda: Author 2007, 36-100.
[53]. D. Naker. “Violence against children: The voices of Ugandan children and adults”. Kampala: Raising Voices and Save the Children Uganda, 2005.
[2]. Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary. “Secondary School” Internet: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+school, [October 20th, 2016]
[3]. Republic of Uganda, (1995). “Uganda Constitution”. Internet: https://dredf/international-laws/uganda-constitution/ [Oct. 30th, 2016]
[4]. Special Representative of the Secretary-General on violence against Children, Tackling Violence in Schools: A global perspective. Bridging the gap between standards and practice. Internet: www.ungei.org/resources/5880.htm, 2012 [Oct. 30th, 2016]
[5]. World Health Organisation. “World Report on Violence and Health”. Internet: http://www.who.int/entity/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/full_en.pdf?ua=1, 2002 [Oct. 28th, 2016]
[6]. Collins English Dictionary – complete and unabridged, 12th edition. “Violence.” HerperCollins Publishers, 2014. Internet: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+school, [October 20th, 2016]
[7]. K. W. Sugut, & F. A. Mugasia. “School Factors Associated with Student Violence in Secondary Schools in Nandi South District, Kenya”. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 4(1), pp.123-132, 2014.
[8]. P. S. Pinheiro. World report on violence against children. Geneva: United Nations. 2006, pp. 109- 157
[9]. American Psychological Association. “APA Resolution on Bullying Among Children and Youth” July 2004, Available: www.apa.org/toics/bullying/ [October 30th, 2016]
[10]. T. Kakembo. “Deal with that bully”. New vision publication. Internet: www.newvision.co.ug/News_vision/news/1299573/deal-bully, (Feb.13th, 2012) [Oct. 15th, 2016]
[11]. J. M. Lyznicki; M. A. McCaffree. “Childhood bullying: implications for physicians”. American Medical Association, 2004; 70:1723-8. Rabinowitz CB, Chicago, Illinois. Am Fam Physician, 2004. Available at: www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000156&pid=S00217557200500070000600017&lng=en [Sept. 5th, 2016]
[12]. UNESCO. “Stopping Violence in Schools: A Guide for Teachers”. Internet: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001841/184162e.pdf, 2011[Oct. 30th, 2016]
[13]. S. Bloom. Violence against women and girls- A compendium of monitoring and evaluation indicators, USAID, 2008, pp 13-14
[14]. N. Jones; K. Moore; E. Villar-Marquez and E. Broadbent. “Painful Lessons: The politics of preventing sexual violence and bullying at school”. ODI Working Papers 295, London: PLAN/Overseas Development Institute. Available: http://www.odi.org.uk/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publicationsopinion-files/3312.pdf. 2008, [Oct. 10, 2016]
[15]. Save the Children, “Policy Brief 2011: Ending Violence Against Children in and around Schools”. Internet: http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/4405.pdf , 2011, [Oct. 10, 2016]
[16]. B. Catherine & E. Debarbieux. Expel Violence! A systematic review of interventions to prevent corporal punishment, sexual violence and bullying in schools, Plan, 2008, pp. 10
[17]. UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). “General comment No. 8 (2006): The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading Forms of Punishment (Arts. 19; 28, Para. 2; and 37, inter alia), CRC/C/GC/8”, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/460bc7772.html. Mar. 2, 2007 [Dec. 9th , 2016]
[18]. U.S. Library of Congress. “Uganda-Education” http://countrystudies.us/uganda/35.htm, 1990, [Oct. 28th, 2016]
[19]. T.R.W. Bensel; M. M. Rheinberger; S.X. Radbill. Children in a world of violence: the roots of child maltreatment. In: Helfer ME, Kempe RS, Krugman RD, eds. The battered child. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press, 1997:3–28.
[20]. Rosempta, N. J. “Influence of electronic media on behavior among secondary School students in Mukaa District, Makueni County, Kenya”. Master of Education in Counseling Psychology thesis, Faculty of Education, The Catholic University of Eastern Africa. Kenya, 2013.
[21]. T. Nansel; M. Overpeck., R.S. Pilla; W.J. Ruan; B. Simmons-Morton and P. Schmidt. “Bullying behaviors among US youth”. Journal of American Medical Association, Vol. 285, 2094-2100, 2001.
[22]. H. Sherrow. “The origins of bullying.” Internet: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the –origins-of- bullying/, Dec. 15th, 2011[July 25th, 2016]
[23]. I. Ortega. “Memories of school bullying and teasing”. BigEye.ug publication. Internet: http://bigeye.ug/top-ugandan -memories-of-school-bullying-and-teasing/. (Sept. 11, 2011) [Oct. 20th, 2016]
[24]. J. La Fontaine. Bullying; the child’s view: An analysis of telephone calls to ChilLine about bullying. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1991, pp. 4-26
[25]. J. Parkes. “Gender-based Violence in Education”: Paper commissioned for the EFA Global Monitoring Report 2015, Education for All 2000-2015: achievements and challenges, 2015
[26]. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. Children and Violence: Report of the Commission on Children and Violence. London: Gulbekian Foundation, London, 1995, pp. 4
[27]. F. Leach and P. Machakanja. A Preliminary Investigation into the Abuse of Girls in Zimbabwean Junior Secondary Schools. Education Research Paper No. 39, DfID, London, 2000, pp.100
[28]. R. Mirembe & L. Davies. “Is schooling a risk? Gender, power relations and school culture in Uganda.” Gender and Education, Vol. 13 (4), 401-416, 2001
[29]. F. E. K. Bakkabulindi. “Equity of University Education in Uganda” 7th Mbarara University of Science and Technology Annual Research Dissemination Conference, Mbarara, Uganda, 2011.
[30]. A. B. K. Kasozi. University Education in Uganda: Challenges and opportunities for reform. Fountain Publishers, Kampala, 2003, pp. 5-12
[31]. L. Mause. History of Childhood, New York: Psychohistory Press, 1974, pp. 1-3
[32]. J.H. Plumb. “The new world of children in 18th, century England” in Past & Present, Vol. 67 (1), pp.64-95, 1975.
[33]. M. Donnelly & A. Straus. “Corporal Punishment of children in theoretical perspective” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp 3-7
[34]. Working Group on Corporal Punishment. “Protection of children against corporal punishment in schools and institutions; summary discussions”. National commission for the protection of child rights. New Delhi. Internet: http://harprathmik.gov.in/pdf/rte/corporal%20punishment%20ncpcr.pdf, 2008[Dec. 10th, 2016]
[35]. Wikipedia. “School Corporal Punishment”. Internet: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/school_corporal_punishment, Dec. 4th, 2016 [Dec. 10, 2016]
[36]. O. Maruel. “Spanking: questions and answers about disciplinary violence”, New revised and expanded edition. Available at: www.nospank.net/sp-qadv.htm, 2005 [Oct. 20th, 2016]
[37]. P.G. Okoth, “The creation of a dependent culture: The imperial school curriculum in Uganda”. In J.A. Mangan, (Ed.) The Imperial curriculum: Racial images and education in the British colonial experience. New York: Routledge.1993, pp. 153-170.
[38]. P. P. Kelly & S. Odama. “Democratic education only for some: Secondary schooling in Northern Uganda”. International Journal of Education, Vol. 3(1) 1-22, 2011
[39]. V. Mncube & C. Harber. “Violence in South African Schools: What Is External and what is Internal to Schools?” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Vol. 5(3) 324- 331, 2014
[40]. M. Wernham. An Outside Chance: Street Children and Juvenile Justice – An International Perspective. London, Consortium for Street Children, 2004, pp.82
[41]. C. Harber. “Education In and After Violent Conflict: Stability and the Status Quo or Transformation and Peace?” Review Essay, International Journal of Educational Development, Vol. pp. 213-216. 2012
[42]. A. Tripp. “The changing face of authoritarianism in Africa: The case of Uganda”. Africa Today, Vol. 50 (3), pp. 2-26, 2004.
[43]. United States Agency for international development. “Are schools safe havens for children? Examining school-related gender-based violence.” Available at: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnadm792.pdf. 2008 [Dec. 10th , 2016]
[44]. J. Parkes and J. Heslop. “Stop Violence Against Girls in School: A cross-country analysis of baseline research from Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique”. London: ActionAid International, 2011, pp. 10-67.
[45]. Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. “Corporal punishment of children in Uganda”. Internet: www.endcorporalpunishment.org [Oct. 29th, 2016]
[46]. Republic of Uganda. “Peace, recovery and development plan for northern Uganda”. Internet: http://big.assets.huffingtonpost.com/Ug.PRDP.pdf ,2007 [October 5th, 2016]
[47]. S. Radoja. “Creating a purposeful and therapeutic learning environment for repatriated child soldiers and abducted children in the northern Ugandan war zone”, presented at Division of Education and Child Psychology Annual Conference. Glasgow, Scotland, 2007.
[48]. J. Sutton, & P. K. Smith. “Bullying as a group process: An adaptation of the participant role approach”. Aggressive Behavior, Vol. 25, pp. 97–111, 1999.
[49]. F. Leach., M. Dunne., & F. Salv. “A global review of current issues and approaches in policy, programming and implementation responses to school related gender based violence for the education sector” Background paper prepared for UNESCO, 2014.
[50]. N. Duncan. “Gendered violence in schools” In Combating gender violence in and around schools, edited by F Leach & C Mitchell. Stoke On Trent: Trentham Books, 2006, pp 51-59
[51]. M. Mpundu. “Spare the rod and save Zambian school children”. Internet: http://www.panos.org.uk/?lid=19743, Dec. 4th, 2013 [Oct. 30th, 2016]
[52]. Republic of Uganda. “Peace, recovery and development plan for northern Uganda”. Kampala, Uganda: Author 2007, 36-100.
[53]. D. Naker. “Violence against children: The voices of Ugandan children and adults”. Kampala: Raising Voices and Save the Children Uganda, 2005.
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2017-01-23
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Muhangi, G. T. (2017). Violence in Ugandan Secondary Schools. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 27(1), 291–308. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/2395
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