Effect of Organic Manure to Improve Sorghum Productivity in Flood Recession Farming in Yelimane, Western Mali
Keywords:
Climate Change, organic manure, flood recession farming, on farm experiments, Crops yields, Mali.Abstract
Agriculture is mainly under rain-fed conditions in Mali, while rainfall is very uncertain. Temperatures is increasingly high, which is a major challenge and detrimental to crop growth and development. Therefore, climate risk management in agriculture (rainfed and flood-recession), is among the most important pillars of food security and resilience of agro-ecosystems. The objective of this study was to address flood recession farming system constraints in Yélimané (Kayes) through the implementation of on-farm agronomic trials to improve crops yields, since very few studies were performed and the use of organic matter was new as an agronomic practice in the cropping system. Prior to trials implementation, soils samples were taken and sent to the Soil-Water-Plant Laboratory of Institut d'Economie Rurale (IER) for physico-chemical analyses. The experimental design was a dispersed randomized complete block design with 4 to 6 replications where each farmer was considered as a replication). Soil Physical characteristics (USDA, 1987) were for Gory site clay loam, f Dougoubara site silty and Yaguiné silty clay. Mean organic matter and nitrogen contents in the 3 sites were deficient. Over the 3 years, the treatments receiving manure alone showed a statistically higher yield.
(p = 0.001) than the control (+ 47%) which was the farmer practice. The treatment F7 (18 kg ha-1 of NPK + 500 kg ha-1 of organic manure) gave the highest mean grain yield in 2012, 2013 and 2014, while treatment F0 (0 kg ha-1) gave the lowest mean grain yield. Farmers in Yélimané (46%) argued that they didn't experience organic matter in flood. This information is also valuable for the use of chemical fertilizer because they believe that soils have enough rich nutrients (26% of farmers) because of yearly sediment deposits. 53% of the women prefer to apply their organic manure on their vegetables crops planted in their own garden located around the village and near a water source than in flood plain in which access to land is uncertain for them (15%).
Results obtained can be shared with several NGOs and extension services of the government for up scaling. There is also a need to better analysis women land tenure and the way to improve it since only men decide land allocation in the flood recession zone.
References
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[29] P. R. Chaudhari, D. V Ahire., V. D Ahire. , M. Chkravarty., S. Maity. “Soil Bulk Density as related to Soil Texture, Organic Matter Content and available total Nutrients of Coimbatore Soil.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.3, Issue 2, pp. 1-8, Feb. 2013.
[30] Hugar G. M. and V. S. Soraganvi “Impact of Soil Organic carbon on Bulk Density and plasticity index of Arid Soils of Raichur, India ” International Research Journal of Environment Sciences Vol. 3, pp. 48-58, Feb. 2014.
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[32] T. Veldkamp. “Fertilité du sol”. Agrodok, vol. 2, pp. 2-8, 1992.
[33] A. Nduwumuremyi. “Soil Acidification and Lime Quality: Sources of Soil Acidity, Effects on Plant Nutrients, Efficiency of Lime and Liming Requirements.” Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied sciences. RRJAAS vol. 2, pp. 26-34, Oct.-Dec. 2013.
[34] J. H. J. R. Makoi and P. A. Ndakidem. “Selected chemical properties of soil in the traditional irrigation schemes of the Mbulu district, Tanzania.” African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3, pp. 348-356, May, 2008.
[35] IER (Institut d’Economie Rurale). Rapport analytique, campagne 1999-2000. CRRA de Sotuba Bamako Mali. Laboratoire Sol Eau Plante, 2000, pp. 27.
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[39] L. Mallamaire “La lutte contre les oiseaux granivores en Afrique Occidentale (Mauritanie, Sénégal, Soudan, Niger) ”. Journal d'agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée, vol. 8, pp. 248-265, Jui-jul. 1961.
[40] D- G. Landarte Puertas, F. V. Steenbergen, A. Mehari Haile, M. Kool, T.-A. Gebreegziabher Embaye, “Flood Based farming systems in Africa.” Internet: http://spate-irrigation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/OP5_Flood-based-farming-in-Africa_SF.pdf; Jun., 2016 [Aug.1rst, 2016].
[41] D. Rathod Dharmsinh, H. Rathod Paresh, P. Patel Kishorbhai and C. Patel Khushvadan. “Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil properties”. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol.59, pp. 1439-1455, 2013.
[42] E. Bénéfice and K. Simondon. “Agricultural development and nutrition among rural populations: a case study of the middle valley in Senegal.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 31, pp-45-66, Mar. 1993.
[43] K.L. Mane; P. Fraval “Suivi par télédétection des cultures de décrue dans la vallée du Sénégal en saison froide 2000/2001”. Internet : http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040354.pdf , Sep 2001 [Aug. 1rst, 2016].
[44] E. J. B. da Costa, E. S. de Souza, G. Barros Junior, J. Nunes Filho, J. R. de Souza ; J. N. Tabosa, M. L. de Mello Vieira Leite. “Growing sorghum in flood recession agriculture with and without mulching.” Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, Vol. 14, pp. 182-195, 2015.
[45] B Traore., 2014. Etat d’avancement de rapport de thèse de doctorat –Projet Système de decrue Adaptation de l’agriculture et de l’elevage au changement climatique, Bamako Mali : IER-Comité Scientifique 22ème session ISFRA-Mali. ; 2015, pp 47.
[46] J.L. Boutillier, J. Schmitz “Gestion traditionnelle des terres (système de décrue/système pluvial) et transition vers l’irrigation Le cas de la vallée du Sénégal”. Cahiers. Sciences. Humaines, Vol. 23, pp 533-554, 1987.
[47] D-AJ. Jake. “Agricultural sustainability of smallholder floodplain agricultural systems: a case study of areas in north-central Nigeria.” PhD thesis in Development Planning and Administration, Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment University College, London, 2011.
[2]. A. Wezel; T. Rath. “Resource conservation strategies in agro-ecosystems of semi-arid West Africa.” Journal of Arid Environments, vol.51, pp. 383–400, Nov. 2001.
[3] N.N.Sanogho “Rapport national final d’analyse diagnostique environnementale transfrontalière du bassin du fleuve Sénégal- Mali. ” internet : http://cda.portail-omvs.org/sites/cda.portail-omvs.org/files/sites/default/files/fichiers_joint/13248.pdf, Nov. 2005, [Jul.31, 2016].
[4] N.L. Saarnak . Flood recession agriculture in the Senegal River Valley.
Danish Journal of Geography, vol.103, pp.99-113, 2003
[5] J. Comas Gómez, H. MacPherson and N. Cañameras . “Considérations générales sur l’agronomie du sorgho de décrue. Disponibilité de l’eau et des éléments nutritifs.” In : La culture du sorgho de décrue en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre, J. Comas and H. Gómez MacPherson, Ed. Agence Espagnole de Coopération Internationale Avec la collaboration de la FAO, 2001, pp 51-63.
[6] K. Traore - Système de decrue Adaptation de l’agriculture et de l’elevage au changement climatique, Bamako Mali : IER-Comité Scientifique 19ème session, 2012, pp 47.
[7] K. Kashe, O. Mogobe, T. Moroke, and M. Murray-Hudson, “Evaluation of maize yield in flood recession farming in the Okavango Delta, Botswana”. African journal of Agricultural research. Vol. 10, pp 1874-1879, May. 2015
[8] C.E (Commission Europeenne)./save the Children/SAP/Oxfam. “Profil HEA. Zone de Moyens d’Existence:sorgho-Elevage transhumant et Migration. Cercle de Yelimane, Region de Kayes.” Internet : www.hea-sahel.org/publications/profils-hea/mali/ML-profil-mali-ml-08-yelimane-mars-20127093280.pdf, Mar.2012, [Jul.31, 2016].
[9] IPCC “Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.” M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2007, pp.976.
[10] J.A. Dahlberg, K. Wasylikowa. “Image and statistical analyses of early sorghum remains (8000 B. P.) from the Nabta Playa archaeological site in the Western Desert, southern Egypt.”. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany , vol. 5, pp. 293-299, Dec. 1996.
[11] J. Berenji and J. Dahlberg “Perspectives of Sorghum in Europe”. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, vol.1905, pp. 332-338, Jan. 2004.
[12] A. O. Adebiyi, A. P. AdebiyI and E.O. Olaniyi. “Nutritional composition of sorghum bicolor starch hydrolyzed with amylase from Rhizopus sp.” African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 4, pp. 1089-1094, Oct. 2005.
[13] A.M. khatir, A. H. Bahar, K.I. Adam, A.A. Mohamed, S.A. Mohamed Ali. “Chemical Composition of New Phenotype Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L) (Locally named Barbarei) Grains and Stover in South and West Darfur States, (Sudan)”. ARPN Journal of Science and Technology vol. 3, No. 7, Jul. 2013.
[14] A. Mahmood). “Performance of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) as an Energy Crop for Biogas Production.” Thesis of doctoral degree in agriculture, Justus Liebig University Giessen Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Germany, 2012.
[15] C. Pieri. Fertilité des terres de savanes. Bilan de trente ans de recherche et de développement agricoles au sud du Sahara. Paris : Ministère de la Coopération Et du Developpement-Cirad-Irat, 1989, pp.444.
[16] Parr J.F., Papendick R.I., Hornick S.B. , Colacicco D. “Use of Organic Amendments for Increasing the Productivity of Arid Lands.” Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, Vol. 3, pp. 149-170, 1989.
[17] I. B Okoroafor, E. O Okelola, O. Edeh, V. C Nemehute, C. N.Onu, T. C Nwaneri and G. I. Chinaka. “Effect of Organic Manure on the Growth and Yield Performance of Maize in Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS). Vol.5, pp. 28-31, Sep. - Oct. 2013.
[18] M.A. “National Strategy for the Development of Rice Growing.” Internet: www.jica.go.jp/english/our_work/thematic_issues/agricultural/pdf/mali_en.pdf, Mar. 2009 [Jul. 26, 2016].
[19] J.B. Aune, M. Doumbia and A. Berthé “Microfertilizing sorghum and pearl millet in Mali: agronomic, economic and social feasibility”, Outlook on Agriculture, Vol 36, No 3, pp 199– 203, Sep. 2007.
[20] ICRISAT. “A fertilizer strategy to reduce poverty of farmers in west and central Africa”. Internet: www.icrisat.org/Timelines/microdosing/images/Microdosing-Fertilizer-Flyers.pdf, Oct.2015 [Nov. 27, 2016].
[21] C. McSweeney, M. New, G. Lizcano. “The UNDP Climate Change Country Profiles: improving the accessibility of observed and projected climate information for studies of climate change in developing countries.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol. 91, pp 157–166, Feb. 2010.
[22] PIRT (Projet d'Inventaire des Ressources Terrestres). Zonage agro-ecologique du Mali. Bamako, Mali: PIRT/TAMS, 1986, pp 542.
[23] J. M. Anderson, and J. S. I Ingram. Tropical soil biology and fertility. A hand book of methods. Wallingford U.K.: C.A.B. International, 1993, pp. 93-95.
[24] Nelson, D. W. and Sommers, L. E. “Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter". In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2, Series Agronomy Monograph vol. 9. A. L. Page, Ed. Madison, Wisconsin: American Society of Agronomy, 1982, pp. 539-579.
[25] J.M. Bremner, C.S. Mulvaney. “Total N.” In Methods of soil analysis part 2. Chemical and mineralogical properties, 2nd ed., Agronomy Monograph vol.9. A. L. Page, Ed. Madison Wisconsin, USA 1982, pp.595-622.
[26] A. L. Page, R. H. Miller and D. R. Keeney. “Ammonium by colorimetric method– Indophenol blue method.” In Method of Soil Analysis Part II – Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Vol.9, A. L. Page, Ed. Madison Wisconsin American Society of Agronomy, 1982, pp. 672 –676.
[27] M. V. K. Sivakumar, A. Manu, S. M. Virmani and E. T. Kanemasu . “Relation between climate and soil productivity,” in: Myths and science of Soils of the Tropics, vol. 29. R. Lal et P. A Sanchez., Ed. SSSA : Special Publication, 1992, pp. 91-120.
[28] United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Soil mechanics level 1, Module 3. USDA Textural Classification Study Guide. Washington, DC: National Employee Development Staff Soil Conservation Service U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1987, pp 5-26.
[29] P. R. Chaudhari, D. V Ahire., V. D Ahire. , M. Chkravarty., S. Maity. “Soil Bulk Density as related to Soil Texture, Organic Matter Content and available total Nutrients of Coimbatore Soil.” International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.3, Issue 2, pp. 1-8, Feb. 2013.
[30] Hugar G. M. and V. S. Soraganvi “Impact of Soil Organic carbon on Bulk Density and plasticity index of Arid Soils of Raichur, India ” International Research Journal of Environment Sciences Vol. 3, pp. 48-58, Feb. 2014.
[31] S. T. Abu and. W. B Malgwi. “Effects of irrigation regime and frequency on soil physical quality, water use efficiency, water productivity and economic returns of paddy rice.” ARPN Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp 1-14, Feb. 2012
[32] T. Veldkamp. “Fertilité du sol”. Agrodok, vol. 2, pp. 2-8, 1992.
[33] A. Nduwumuremyi. “Soil Acidification and Lime Quality: Sources of Soil Acidity, Effects on Plant Nutrients, Efficiency of Lime and Liming Requirements.” Research and Reviews: Journal of Agriculture and Allied sciences. RRJAAS vol. 2, pp. 26-34, Oct.-Dec. 2013.
[34] J. H. J. R. Makoi and P. A. Ndakidem. “Selected chemical properties of soil in the traditional irrigation schemes of the Mbulu district, Tanzania.” African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 3, pp. 348-356, May, 2008.
[35] IER (Institut d’Economie Rurale). Rapport analytique, campagne 1999-2000. CRRA de Sotuba Bamako Mali. Laboratoire Sol Eau Plante, 2000, pp. 27.
[36] I.E. Esu. Detailed soil survey of NIHORT Farm at Bunkure. Kano State Nigeria: Institute for Agricultural Research of Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, 1991, pp.72.
[37] B. Dabin et R. Maignien “Les principaux sols d’Afrique de l’ouest et leurs potentialités agricoles. ” Cahiers ORSTOM. Serie Pédologie, Vol.17, pp. 235-257, 1979.
[38] M. McCartney, L-M. Rebelo, S. Senaratna Sellamuttu, S. de Silva 2010. “Wetlands, agriculture and poverty reduction. Colombo, Sri Lanka” Internet : http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/Publications/IWMI_Research_Reports/PDF/PUB137/RR137.pdf. 2010 [Aug. 1rst, 2016].
[39] L. Mallamaire “La lutte contre les oiseaux granivores en Afrique Occidentale (Mauritanie, Sénégal, Soudan, Niger) ”. Journal d'agriculture tropicale et de botanique appliquée, vol. 8, pp. 248-265, Jui-jul. 1961.
[40] D- G. Landarte Puertas, F. V. Steenbergen, A. Mehari Haile, M. Kool, T.-A. Gebreegziabher Embaye, “Flood Based farming systems in Africa.” Internet: http://spate-irrigation.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/OP5_Flood-based-farming-in-Africa_SF.pdf; Jun., 2016 [Aug.1rst, 2016].
[41] D. Rathod Dharmsinh, H. Rathod Paresh, P. Patel Kishorbhai and C. Patel Khushvadan. “Integrated use of organic and inorganic inputs in wheat-fodder maize cropping sequence to improve crop yields and soil properties”. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, vol.59, pp. 1439-1455, 2013.
[42] E. Bénéfice and K. Simondon. “Agricultural development and nutrition among rural populations: a case study of the middle valley in Senegal.” Ecology of Food and Nutrition, Vol. 31, pp-45-66, Mar. 1993.
[43] K.L. Mane; P. Fraval “Suivi par télédétection des cultures de décrue dans la vallée du Sénégal en saison froide 2000/2001”. Internet : http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H040354.pdf , Sep 2001 [Aug. 1rst, 2016].
[44] E. J. B. da Costa, E. S. de Souza, G. Barros Junior, J. Nunes Filho, J. R. de Souza ; J. N. Tabosa, M. L. de Mello Vieira Leite. “Growing sorghum in flood recession agriculture with and without mulching.” Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, Vol. 14, pp. 182-195, 2015.
[45] B Traore., 2014. Etat d’avancement de rapport de thèse de doctorat –Projet Système de decrue Adaptation de l’agriculture et de l’elevage au changement climatique, Bamako Mali : IER-Comité Scientifique 22ème session ISFRA-Mali. ; 2015, pp 47.
[46] J.L. Boutillier, J. Schmitz “Gestion traditionnelle des terres (système de décrue/système pluvial) et transition vers l’irrigation Le cas de la vallée du Sénégal”. Cahiers. Sciences. Humaines, Vol. 23, pp 533-554, 1987.
[47] D-AJ. Jake. “Agricultural sustainability of smallholder floodplain agricultural systems: a case study of areas in north-central Nigeria.” PhD thesis in Development Planning and Administration, Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment University College, London, 2011.
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2016-08-13
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Traore, K., B. Aune, J., & Traore, B. (2016). Effect of Organic Manure to Improve Sorghum Productivity in Flood Recession Farming in Yelimane, Western Mali. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 23(1), 232–251. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1981
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