Impact of Microfinance Services on Rural Egyptian Women Empowerment: An Empirical Study
Keywords:
Financial Freedom, Microfinance, NGOs, Socio-Economic, Women Empowerment.Abstract
This study attempts to analyze the impact of microfinance services in empowering the Egyptian rural women. The study is also meant to obtain insights regarding factors empowering rural women through microfinance services and which factors influences most and to what extent. For that, 205 respondents out of 248 questionnaires yielding a response rate of 82.66% residing in rural areas of Egypt. Rural areas were approached with structured questionnaire by following a non-probabilistic convenience sampling technique. After computing the reliability of scales, correlation and multiple regressions was used to test hypotheses through SPSS version 16.The results indicate that four of the five factors (i.e. socio-economic status up gradation, autonomy for life choices, women position in the family/society and positive approach towards child development) have significant impact on rural women empowerment. The limitations of this study is due to a sample size of 205 Egyptian Rural women, it is recommended to increase the sample size to have more statistically reliable results that can be generalized. The efficiency and the number of the questions should be increased to improve Cronbach Alpha. It is costly to randomly select a bigger population of areas to be surveyed in rural Egypt. The limitation of the study relates to the population of rural women only used for the study, which limits the generalizability of the findings. The findings of the study are likely to be important to microfinance institutions and government in designing policy to empower rural Egyptian women socially and economically.
References
[16] Agha, S., Balal, A., and Ogojo - Okello, Francis (2004). “The Impact of Microfinance Programs on client Perceptions of Quality of care provided by private sector Midwives in Uganda”, Health Service Research, 39: 2081-2100.
[2] Agnes, Y (2014). “Engendering Microfinance Services: Beyond Access.” Paper presented at the Women’s Empowerment or Feminisation of Debt? Workshop, London, March.
[44] Amin, R., Becker, S., & Byes A. (1998). NGO-Promoted Micro credit Programs and Women?s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. The Journal of Developing Areas, Winter, 221-236.
[4] Amolat, F. R. (2015) Client Impact Assessment: KMBI Program Impact Assessment for Microfinance Implementation for Region 1.
[7] Anand Singh Kablana, et.al (2011) “Micro Finance through Self Help Group in India: An analytical study”, Economic Affairs Vol.56.No.1 March pp 67-73.
[35] Anderson, J. (1996). Yes, but is it empowerment? Initiation, implementation and outcomes of community action. In B. Humphries (ed). Critical perspectives on empowerment. Birmingham: Venture Press, 69-83.
[5] Anderson, L., Locker, L., Nugent, R., (2013), Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources, World Development, Vol.30, No.1, 95-105.
Arora, S., & Arora, S. (July 2012). “Role of Micro-Financing in Women Empowerment: An Empirical Study of Urban Punjab”. Pacific Business Review International, Volume 5, Issue 1 , Page No.: 46 -60.
[18]Aruna, M. (2011). "The role of microfinance in Women Empowerment: A study on the SHG Bank Linkage Program in Hyderabad". The Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies. Vol. II, Issue -4, May, pp. 77-95.
[8] Ashe, J., and Lisa P. (2010). Impact Evaluation of PACT’s Women’s EmpowermentProgram in Nepal: A Savings and Literacy Led Alternative to Financial InstitutionBuilding. Cambridge, Mass.: Brandeis University.
[13] Barsoum, G., (2011). Who gets credit? The Gendered Division of Microfinance Programs in Egypt, Canadian Journal of Development Studies.
[22] Bayulgen, O. Yunus, M and Grameen Bank (2012). What Political Science can contribute to and learn from the study of Microcredit, International Studies Review,Vol. 4, pp. 525-547.
[34] Beegle, K., Frankenberg, E. and Thomas, D. (1998), Bargaining Power within Couples and Use of Prenatal and Delivery Care in Indonesia. Studies in Family Planning, Vol.32, No.2, p. 130.
[38] Bennett, Lynn. (2002). “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion for Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change.” Working Draft of Background Paper for the Social Development Strategy Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bhatt, K. A., & Rajdev, A. A. (November 2012). “An Analysis of Factors Empowering Women Through Microfinance”. Paripex -Indian Journal of Research, Volume: 1, Issue : 11, ISSN -2250-1991 , 50 -52.
[10] Bisnath, S. and Elson, D.(1999), Women?s Empowerment Revisited, Background Paper, Progress of the World?s Women. UNIFEM.
[23] Chalfin, B. (2010). “Risky Business: Economic Uncertainty, Market Reforms and Female Livelihoods in Northeast Ghana.” Development and Change. Vol, 2. No. 31. Pp. 987–1008.
[36] Claridge, C. (1996). Women, development and the environment: A method to facilitate women’s empowerment. Unpublished PhD thesis, Brisbane: Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland.
[24] Deshpanda, R. (2012). Increasing Access and Benefits for Women: Practices and Innovations among Microfinance Institutions—Survey Results. New York: UNCDF.
[25] Drolet, J. , (2010 b). Women, Microcredit and Empowerment in Cairo, Egypt, International social work. Vol 5, pp. 23-35.
[26] Drolet, J., (2010 a). Feminist Perspectives in Development: Implications for women and Microcredit. Vol 3, pp. 43-62.
[29] Druschel, K. (2013). “State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report.” Washington, D.C.: Microcredit Summit Campaign Secretariat.
[30] Dunford, C. (2013). “Building Better Lives: Sustainable Integration of Microfinance with Education in Health, Family Planning and HIV/AIDS Prevention for the Poorest Entrepreneurs.” Washington, D.C.: Microcredit Summit Campaign.
[17] Engle, P. (2012). “Father’s Money, Mother’s Money, and Parental Commitment: Guatemala and Nicaragua.” In Engendering Wealth and Well-Being: Empowerment for Global Change. Ed. RaeLesser Blumberg et al. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 20 finance in Cameroon. Development and Change. 32: 435-464.
[20] Friedman, J. (1992). Empowerment. The politics of alternative development. Cambridge: Blackwell.
[47] Gaiha, R., & Nandhi, M. A., (2007). “Microfinance, Self-Help Groups, and Empowerment in Maharashtra.” ASARC Working Papers 2007-15, Australian National University, South Asia Research Centre, Canberra.
[60] Garson, D. (2002). Guide to writing empirical papers, theses & dissertations. CRC Press.
[43] Gibb, S. (2008). "Microfinance's impact on education, poverty and empowerment: A case study from Bolivian." Altiplanio Development Research Working Paper Series, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
[46] Hadi, A. (1997). The NGO Intervention and Women?s Empowerment –The Bangladesh Experience. International Seminar on Women Empowerment RFSU (Swedish Association for Sexual Education), Stockholm, April.
[14] Hashemi S., Schuler S., and Riley, A. (1996), “Rural Credit Programs and Women?s Empowerment in Bangladesh”, World Development, Vol.24, No.4, pp.635-653.
[15] Hunt, J & Kasynathan, N. (2002). “Reflections on microfinance and women?s empowerment”, Development Bulletin, No. 57, pp. 71-75.
Islam, N, Ahmed, E, Chew, J & D' Netto, B (2011), “Empowerment factors of rural women through homestead poultry rearing in Bangladesh”, paper presented to the 15th International Business Research Conference, 21-23 November, 2011, Sydney, Australia, http://www.wbiconpro.com/438-Ezaz-Brian.pdf.
[37] Kabeer, N. (2001), Reflections on the Measurement of Women?s Empowerment., In Discussing Women?s Empowerment -Theory and Practice, Ida Studies No. 3, Novum Grafiska AB: Stockholm.
[33]Kishor, S. (2000b), Women?s Contraceptive use in Egypt: What do Direct Measures of Empowerment Tell us? Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, March 23-25, Los Angeles, California.
[9] Krishna, A, (2003). "Social capital, community driven development and empowerment: a short note on concepts and operations."World Bank working paper 33077.
[6] Lalitha K. & Prasad G., (2011). “Impact of Women Empowerment and Role of SHG's in value based Emancipation”. Indian Streams Research Journal, Volume -1, Issue II / March 2011, pp.130-133.
Lather, A.S., Jain, S., & Vikas, S. (July - December 2009). “Women Empowerment In Urban India: A Study Of Working Women Professionals In Delhi.” Delhi Business Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 . pp 1 -15.
[27]Leach, Fiona and Sitaram, Shashikala. (2002). "Microfinance and Women's Empowerment: A Lesson from India", Development in Practice, 12(5): 575-588.
[64]Mahmud, S & Sultan, M. (2010), Community health workers in Bangladesh: Continuity and change, BRAC Development Institute, BRAC University, Dhaka.
[11] Malhotra Anju (2002), “Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development?, World Bank, Gender and Development Group, Washington DC.
[32]Malhotra, A. and Mather, M. (1997), Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Countries? Gender and Domestic Decisions in Sri Lanka., Sociological Forum, Vol.12, No.4, pp. 599-630.
[1] Manjoor, H. and Manders, J. (2009). “Women Empowerment: Comparing concepts & Assessment Implications for microfinance.” Commissioned by Oiko credit.
[19] Mayoux, L. (2001). Tackling the down side: Social Capital, Women?s Empowerment and Micro-
[62] Menard, S. (1995), „Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences?, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[40] MkNelly, B. and M. McCord (2015). “Credit With Education Impact Review No. 1:Women’s Empowerment.” Freedom From Hunger. Vol. 3, pp 430-451
[12] Murdoch, J. (1999). The Microfinance promise. Journal of Economic Literature, 37: 4, 1569-
[63] Myer, R. (1990). “Classical and Modern Regression with Applications”, 2nd edition, Duxbury, Boston, MA.
[41] Nader, Y., (2012). Microcredit and the socio-economic wellbeing of women and their families in Cairo. The Journal of Socio-economics 37 (2008) 644-656. No. 1. pp: 45–63.
[59] Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
[42] Oxaal, Z., Baden, S., (2013). Gender and Empowerment: definitions, approaches and implications for policy. Institute of Development Studies. University of Sussex, UK. Vol. 3, pp 532-556.
[21] Page, N. and Czuba, C.E. (1999), .Empowerment: What Is It? Journal of Extension, October, Vol. 37, No. 5.
[28] Puhazhendhi V. and Satya SaiK.J.S. (2001). “Economic and Social Empowerment of Rural Poor through Self Help Groups”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56 (3) July-Sept, 450-451.
[48] Quisumbing, A., and Maluccio, J. (2014). Household Allocation and Gender Relations: New Empirical Evidence. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Development Research Group/Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network,
[49] Rahman, A. (2015). “Micro-credit Initiatives for Equitable and Sustainable Development: Who Pays?” World Development 27, no. 1. pp: 67–82.
[50] Razavi, S. (2014). “From Rags to Riches: Looking at Poverty from a Gender Perspective.”IDS Bulletin 28, no. 3. pp: 49–62.
[51] Saith, R., and Harriss-White, B., (2013). “The Gender Sensitivity of Well-Being Indicators.” Development and Change. Vol. 3. No. 30. pp: 465–97.
[55] Salib, S., (2014). FORA’s Impact among Migrants: Primary Findings. Oak Brook, Ill.: Opportunity International Network. Vol. 3, pp. 56-82.
[45] Samanta, Gopa. (2009). "Microfinance and Women: Gender Issues of poverty alleviation and empowerment." The Microfinance Review, 1(1), January-July, pp.100-120.
[17] Saraswathy, Anna.K.P .and Panicker, K.S.M. (2008). "Microcredit and women empowerment: A study in India." International Journal of global Business, 1(1), pp. 184-213.
[61] Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
[56] Sen, G. (2014). “Engendering Poverty Alleviation: Challenges and Opportunities.”Development and Change. Vo. 2. No. 30. pp: 685–92.
[39] Swain, R. B., &Wallentin, F. Y. (2007). "Does microfinance empower women? Evidence from self-help groups in India."Working Paper No. 2007:24, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
[3] Tiwari, A.M,and Thakkur,S. G. (2007). "SHG based Microfinance programs - Can they remove poverty?" London and New York: Routledge. pp-177-193.
[57] UNDP (2010) Human Development Report. New York: UNDP.
[58] UNDP (2013) National Impact Survey of Microfinance in Egypt. Egypt. UNDP.
[52]USAID (2013). Microenterprise Development in a Changing World: U.S. Agency for International Development Microenterprise Results Reporting for 2000. Arlington, Va.: Weidemann Associates.
[53] Whitehead, A., and Lockwood, (2011). “Gendering Poverty: A Review of Six World Bank African Poverty Assessments.” Development and Change. Vol. 2, pp. 525–55.
[54] World Bank (2015). A Better Investment Climate for Everyone. World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
[2] Agnes, Y (2014). “Engendering Microfinance Services: Beyond Access.” Paper presented at the Women’s Empowerment or Feminisation of Debt? Workshop, London, March.
[44] Amin, R., Becker, S., & Byes A. (1998). NGO-Promoted Micro credit Programs and Women?s Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence. The Journal of Developing Areas, Winter, 221-236.
[4] Amolat, F. R. (2015) Client Impact Assessment: KMBI Program Impact Assessment for Microfinance Implementation for Region 1.
[7] Anand Singh Kablana, et.al (2011) “Micro Finance through Self Help Group in India: An analytical study”, Economic Affairs Vol.56.No.1 March pp 67-73.
[35] Anderson, J. (1996). Yes, but is it empowerment? Initiation, implementation and outcomes of community action. In B. Humphries (ed). Critical perspectives on empowerment. Birmingham: Venture Press, 69-83.
[5] Anderson, L., Locker, L., Nugent, R., (2013), Microcredit, Social Capital, and Common Pool Resources, World Development, Vol.30, No.1, 95-105.
Arora, S., & Arora, S. (July 2012). “Role of Micro-Financing in Women Empowerment: An Empirical Study of Urban Punjab”. Pacific Business Review International, Volume 5, Issue 1 , Page No.: 46 -60.
[18]Aruna, M. (2011). "The role of microfinance in Women Empowerment: A study on the SHG Bank Linkage Program in Hyderabad". The Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies. Vol. II, Issue -4, May, pp. 77-95.
[8] Ashe, J., and Lisa P. (2010). Impact Evaluation of PACT’s Women’s EmpowermentProgram in Nepal: A Savings and Literacy Led Alternative to Financial InstitutionBuilding. Cambridge, Mass.: Brandeis University.
[13] Barsoum, G., (2011). Who gets credit? The Gendered Division of Microfinance Programs in Egypt, Canadian Journal of Development Studies.
[22] Bayulgen, O. Yunus, M and Grameen Bank (2012). What Political Science can contribute to and learn from the study of Microcredit, International Studies Review,Vol. 4, pp. 525-547.
[34] Beegle, K., Frankenberg, E. and Thomas, D. (1998), Bargaining Power within Couples and Use of Prenatal and Delivery Care in Indonesia. Studies in Family Planning, Vol.32, No.2, p. 130.
[38] Bennett, Lynn. (2002). “Using Empowerment and Social Inclusion for Pro-poor Growth: A Theory of Social Change.” Working Draft of Background Paper for the Social Development Strategy Paper. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Bhatt, K. A., & Rajdev, A. A. (November 2012). “An Analysis of Factors Empowering Women Through Microfinance”. Paripex -Indian Journal of Research, Volume: 1, Issue : 11, ISSN -2250-1991 , 50 -52.
[10] Bisnath, S. and Elson, D.(1999), Women?s Empowerment Revisited, Background Paper, Progress of the World?s Women. UNIFEM.
[23] Chalfin, B. (2010). “Risky Business: Economic Uncertainty, Market Reforms and Female Livelihoods in Northeast Ghana.” Development and Change. Vol, 2. No. 31. Pp. 987–1008.
[36] Claridge, C. (1996). Women, development and the environment: A method to facilitate women’s empowerment. Unpublished PhD thesis, Brisbane: Department of Agriculture, The University of Queensland.
[24] Deshpanda, R. (2012). Increasing Access and Benefits for Women: Practices and Innovations among Microfinance Institutions—Survey Results. New York: UNCDF.
[25] Drolet, J. , (2010 b). Women, Microcredit and Empowerment in Cairo, Egypt, International social work. Vol 5, pp. 23-35.
[26] Drolet, J., (2010 a). Feminist Perspectives in Development: Implications for women and Microcredit. Vol 3, pp. 43-62.
[29] Druschel, K. (2013). “State of the Microcredit Summit Campaign Report.” Washington, D.C.: Microcredit Summit Campaign Secretariat.
[30] Dunford, C. (2013). “Building Better Lives: Sustainable Integration of Microfinance with Education in Health, Family Planning and HIV/AIDS Prevention for the Poorest Entrepreneurs.” Washington, D.C.: Microcredit Summit Campaign.
[17] Engle, P. (2012). “Father’s Money, Mother’s Money, and Parental Commitment: Guatemala and Nicaragua.” In Engendering Wealth and Well-Being: Empowerment for Global Change. Ed. RaeLesser Blumberg et al. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 20 finance in Cameroon. Development and Change. 32: 435-464.
[20] Friedman, J. (1992). Empowerment. The politics of alternative development. Cambridge: Blackwell.
[47] Gaiha, R., & Nandhi, M. A., (2007). “Microfinance, Self-Help Groups, and Empowerment in Maharashtra.” ASARC Working Papers 2007-15, Australian National University, South Asia Research Centre, Canberra.
[60] Garson, D. (2002). Guide to writing empirical papers, theses & dissertations. CRC Press.
[43] Gibb, S. (2008). "Microfinance's impact on education, poverty and empowerment: A case study from Bolivian." Altiplanio Development Research Working Paper Series, Institute for Advanced Development Studies.
[46] Hadi, A. (1997). The NGO Intervention and Women?s Empowerment –The Bangladesh Experience. International Seminar on Women Empowerment RFSU (Swedish Association for Sexual Education), Stockholm, April.
[14] Hashemi S., Schuler S., and Riley, A. (1996), “Rural Credit Programs and Women?s Empowerment in Bangladesh”, World Development, Vol.24, No.4, pp.635-653.
[15] Hunt, J & Kasynathan, N. (2002). “Reflections on microfinance and women?s empowerment”, Development Bulletin, No. 57, pp. 71-75.
Islam, N, Ahmed, E, Chew, J & D' Netto, B (2011), “Empowerment factors of rural women through homestead poultry rearing in Bangladesh”, paper presented to the 15th International Business Research Conference, 21-23 November, 2011, Sydney, Australia, http://www.wbiconpro.com/438-Ezaz-Brian.pdf.
[37] Kabeer, N. (2001), Reflections on the Measurement of Women?s Empowerment., In Discussing Women?s Empowerment -Theory and Practice, Ida Studies No. 3, Novum Grafiska AB: Stockholm.
[33]Kishor, S. (2000b), Women?s Contraceptive use in Egypt: What do Direct Measures of Empowerment Tell us? Paper Prepared for Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, March 23-25, Los Angeles, California.
[9] Krishna, A, (2003). "Social capital, community driven development and empowerment: a short note on concepts and operations."World Bank working paper 33077.
[6] Lalitha K. & Prasad G., (2011). “Impact of Women Empowerment and Role of SHG's in value based Emancipation”. Indian Streams Research Journal, Volume -1, Issue II / March 2011, pp.130-133.
Lather, A.S., Jain, S., & Vikas, S. (July - December 2009). “Women Empowerment In Urban India: A Study Of Working Women Professionals In Delhi.” Delhi Business Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 . pp 1 -15.
[27]Leach, Fiona and Sitaram, Shashikala. (2002). "Microfinance and Women's Empowerment: A Lesson from India", Development in Practice, 12(5): 575-588.
[64]Mahmud, S & Sultan, M. (2010), Community health workers in Bangladesh: Continuity and change, BRAC Development Institute, BRAC University, Dhaka.
[11] Malhotra Anju (2002), “Measuring Women’s Empowerment as a Variable in International Development?, World Bank, Gender and Development Group, Washington DC.
[32]Malhotra, A. and Mather, M. (1997), Do Schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Countries? Gender and Domestic Decisions in Sri Lanka., Sociological Forum, Vol.12, No.4, pp. 599-630.
[1] Manjoor, H. and Manders, J. (2009). “Women Empowerment: Comparing concepts & Assessment Implications for microfinance.” Commissioned by Oiko credit.
[19] Mayoux, L. (2001). Tackling the down side: Social Capital, Women?s Empowerment and Micro-
[62] Menard, S. (1995), „Applied Logistic Regression Analysis, Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences?, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
[40] MkNelly, B. and M. McCord (2015). “Credit With Education Impact Review No. 1:Women’s Empowerment.” Freedom From Hunger. Vol. 3, pp 430-451
[12] Murdoch, J. (1999). The Microfinance promise. Journal of Economic Literature, 37: 4, 1569-
[63] Myer, R. (1990). “Classical and Modern Regression with Applications”, 2nd edition, Duxbury, Boston, MA.
[41] Nader, Y., (2012). Microcredit and the socio-economic wellbeing of women and their families in Cairo. The Journal of Socio-economics 37 (2008) 644-656. No. 1. pp: 45–63.
[59] Nunnally, J.C. (1967). Psychometric Methods. New York: McGraw Hill.
[42] Oxaal, Z., Baden, S., (2013). Gender and Empowerment: definitions, approaches and implications for policy. Institute of Development Studies. University of Sussex, UK. Vol. 3, pp 532-556.
[21] Page, N. and Czuba, C.E. (1999), .Empowerment: What Is It? Journal of Extension, October, Vol. 37, No. 5.
[28] Puhazhendhi V. and Satya SaiK.J.S. (2001). “Economic and Social Empowerment of Rural Poor through Self Help Groups”, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56 (3) July-Sept, 450-451.
[48] Quisumbing, A., and Maluccio, J. (2014). Household Allocation and Gender Relations: New Empirical Evidence. Policy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper Series, No. 2. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Development Research Group/Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network,
[49] Rahman, A. (2015). “Micro-credit Initiatives for Equitable and Sustainable Development: Who Pays?” World Development 27, no. 1. pp: 67–82.
[50] Razavi, S. (2014). “From Rags to Riches: Looking at Poverty from a Gender Perspective.”IDS Bulletin 28, no. 3. pp: 49–62.
[51] Saith, R., and Harriss-White, B., (2013). “The Gender Sensitivity of Well-Being Indicators.” Development and Change. Vol. 3. No. 30. pp: 465–97.
[55] Salib, S., (2014). FORA’s Impact among Migrants: Primary Findings. Oak Brook, Ill.: Opportunity International Network. Vol. 3, pp. 56-82.
[45] Samanta, Gopa. (2009). "Microfinance and Women: Gender Issues of poverty alleviation and empowerment." The Microfinance Review, 1(1), January-July, pp.100-120.
[17] Saraswathy, Anna.K.P .and Panicker, K.S.M. (2008). "Microcredit and women empowerment: A study in India." International Journal of global Business, 1(1), pp. 184-213.
[61] Sekaran, U. (2003). Research Methods for Business: A Skill Building Approach, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
[56] Sen, G. (2014). “Engendering Poverty Alleviation: Challenges and Opportunities.”Development and Change. Vo. 2. No. 30. pp: 685–92.
[39] Swain, R. B., &Wallentin, F. Y. (2007). "Does microfinance empower women? Evidence from self-help groups in India."Working Paper No. 2007:24, Department of Economics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
[3] Tiwari, A.M,and Thakkur,S. G. (2007). "SHG based Microfinance programs - Can they remove poverty?" London and New York: Routledge. pp-177-193.
[57] UNDP (2010) Human Development Report. New York: UNDP.
[58] UNDP (2013) National Impact Survey of Microfinance in Egypt. Egypt. UNDP.
[52]USAID (2013). Microenterprise Development in a Changing World: U.S. Agency for International Development Microenterprise Results Reporting for 2000. Arlington, Va.: Weidemann Associates.
[53] Whitehead, A., and Lockwood, (2011). “Gendering Poverty: A Review of Six World Bank African Poverty Assessments.” Development and Change. Vol. 2, pp. 525–55.
[54] World Bank (2015). A Better Investment Climate for Everyone. World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Downloads
Published
2016-07-22
How to Cite
El Hadidi, H. (2016). Impact of Microfinance Services on Rural Egyptian Women Empowerment: An Empirical Study. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 22(1), 109–125. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1750
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
