Isolation of Salmonella in Commercial Chicken Feeds in Ilala District
Keywords:
Salmonellosis, Salmonella, Poultry mash, Feed mills, Ilala.Abstract
Salmonella is one of important hazardous pathogens causing salmonellosis in both humans and animals. In Tanzania, commercial chicken farming is a rapidly growing industry and salmonellosis is a serious problem. A study on Salmonella was conducted in commercially produced chicken feeds from feed mills in Ilala, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania between October 2015 and January 2016. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella contamination in commercial chicken feeds. Feed samples were collected from a total of 197 randomly selected feed bags of different types from 3 feed mills to estimate the contamination prevalence. Cultural and biochemical tests were performed for the presence of Salmonella in the samples. The overall prevalence of Salmonella in the study was 29.4%. The prevalence of Salmonella in broiler starter mash, broiler grower mash, broiler finisher mash and layers mash were confirmed to be 30.8%, 38.1%, 33.3% and 21.1 respectively and prevalence of Salmonella in batches 1 and 2 were 27.8% and 30.5% respectively. Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in feed mills A, B and C, was 22.2%, 48.1% and 14.7% respectively. Significantly higher (p = 0.001) prevalence of Salmonella contamination was seen in feed mill B when compared to the other two. The presence of Salmonella in commercial chicken feeds in Ilala presents a contamination hazard for both humans and Salmonella-free flocks, and therefore, calls for improvement of hygienic processing and handling of feeds for effective control measures.
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[2] M. D. Winfield and E. a. Groisman, “Role of nonhost environments in the lifestyles of Salmonella and Escherichia coli,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 3687–3694, 2003.
[3] S. Finn, O. Condell, P. McClure, A. Amézquita, and S. Fanning, “Mechanisms of survival, responses, and sources of salmonella in low-moisture environments,” Front. Microbiol., vol. 4, no. NOV, pp. 1–15, 2013.
[4] A. Petkar, W. Q. Alali, M. A. Harrison, and L. R. Beuchat, “Survival of Salmonella in Organic and Conventional Broiler Feed as Affected by Temperature and Water Activity Salmonella inoculum,” Agric. Food Anal. Bacteriol., vol. 1, no. 2, 2011.
[5] R. H. Davies and A. D. Wales, “Salmonella contamination of cereal ingredients for animal feeds.,” Vet. Microbiol., vol. 166, no. 3–4, pp. 543–9, Oct. 2013.
[6] N. a Cox, J. S. Bailey, J. E. Thomson, and B. J. Juven, “Salmonella and other Enterobacteriaceae found in commercial poultry feed.,” Poult. Sci., vol. 62, no. 11, pp. 2169–2175, 1983.
[7] A. Veldman, H. A. Vahl, G. J. Borggreve, and D. C. Fuller, “A survey of the incidence of Salmonella species and Enterobacteriaceae in poultry feeds and feed components,” Vet. Rec., vol. 136, no. 7, p. 169—172, Feb. 1995.
[8] F. T. Jones and K. E. Richardson, “Salmonella in commercially manufactured feeds.,” Poult. Sci., vol. 83, pp. 384–391, 2004.
[9] Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics, “United Republic of Tanzania. National Sample Census of Agriculture 2007/2008. Small Holder Agriculture: Regional Report - Dar es salaam Region (Volume Vg),” Dar es Salaam, 2012.
[10] R. P. Shilangale, E. Di Giannatale, P. M. Chimwamurombe, and G. P. Kaaya, “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella in animal feed produced in Namibia.,” Vet. Ital., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 125–32, 2012.
[11] K. G. Maciorowski, P. Herrera, F. T. Jones, S. D. Pillai, and S. C. Ricke, “Effects on poultry and livestock of feed contamination with bacteria and fungi,” Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 133, no. 1–2, pp. 109–136, 2007.
[12] M. C. Soria, M. a. Soria, D. J. Bueno, and J. L. Colazo, “A comparative study of culture methods and polymerase chain reaction assay for Salmonella detection in poultry feed,” Poult. Sci., vol. 90, no. 11, pp. 2606–2618, 2011.
[13] E. Galanis, D. M. a Lo Fo Wong, M. E. Patrick, N. Binsztein, A. Cieslik, T. Chalermchaikit, A. Aidara-Kane, A. Ellis, F. J. Angulo, and H. C. Wegener, “Web-based surveillance and global Salmonella distribution, 2000-2002,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 381–388, 2006.
[14] M. Wierup and S. Widell, “Estimation of costs for control of Salmonella in high-risk feed materials and compound feed.,” Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol., vol. 4, pp. 1–10, 2014.
[15] G. Mtove, B. Amos, L. von Seidlein, I. Hendriksen, A. Mwambuli, J. Kimera, R. Mallahiyo, D. Ryun Kim, R. L. Ochiai, J. D. Clemens, H. Reyburn, S. Magesa, and J. L. Deen, “Invasive Salmonellosis among Children Admitted to a Rural Tanzanian Hospital and a Comparison with Previous Studies,” PLoS One, vol. 5, no. 2, p. e9244, Feb. 2010.
[16] A. Malisa and H. Nyaki, “Prevalence and constraints of typhoid fever and its control in an endemic area of Singida region in Tanzania: lessons for effective control of the disease,” J. Public Heal. Epidemiol., vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 93–99, 2010.
[17] R. H. Mdegela, M. G. Yongolo, U. M. Minga, and J. E. Olsen, “Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella gallinarum in chickens in Tanzania.,” Avian Pathol., vol. 29, no. September 2014, pp. 457–463, 2000.
[18] Q. T. Bura, H. B. Magwisha, and R. H. Mdegela, “Seroprevalence and risk factors for Salmonella gallinarum infection in smallholder layers in Mwanza City, Tanzania,” Livest. Res. Rural Dev., vol. 26, no. 10, 2014.
[19] D. T. Haydon, S. Cleaveland, L. H. Taylor, and M. K. Laurenson, “Identifying reservoirs of infection: A conceptual and practical challenge,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 8, no. 12, pp. 1468–1473, 2002.
[20] ISO 6579:2002(E), International Standard: Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs — Horizontal method for the detection of Salmonella spp. Switzerland, 2002.
[21] OIE, OIE Terrestrial Manual 2012: FOWL TYPHOID AND PULLORUM DISEASE, no. May. 2012, pp. 1–19.
[22] W. H. Ewing, “DIFFERENTIATION OF BY BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS REVISED,” no. Cd C, 1973.
[23] a. Chowdhury, a. Iqbal, M. G. Uddin, and M. Uddin, “Study on Isolation and Identification of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from Different Poultry Feeds of Savar Region of Dhaka, Bangladesh,” J. Sci. Res., vol. 3, no. 2, 2011.
[24] I. C. Okoli, G. E. Ndujihe, and I. P. Ogbuewu, “Frequency of isolation of salmonella from commercial poultry feeds and their anti-microbial resistance profiles, Imo State, Nigeria,” Online J. Heal. Allied Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 1–10, 2006.
[25] A. T. Tavechio, A. C. R. Ghilardi, J. T. M. Peresi, T. O. Fuzihara, E. K. Yonamine, M. Jakabi, and S. A. Fernandes, “Salmonella serotypes isolated from nonhuman sources in Sao Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 through 2000.,” J. Food Prot., vol. 65, no. 6, pp. 1041–1044, Jun. 2002.
[26] B. Molla, A. Sterman, J. Mathews, V. Artuso-Ponte, M. Abley, W. Farmer, P. Rajala-Schultz, W. E. M. Morrow, and W. A. Gebreyes, “Salmonella enterica in commercial swine feed and subsequent isolation of phenotypically and genotypically related strains from fecal samples,” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 76, no. 21, pp. 7188–7193, 2010.
[27] N. Nourmohamadi and B. Shokrollahi, “Short communication Multiplex-PCR Assay for detection of,” vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 105–109, 2014.
[28] D. Plavši?, I. ?abarkapa, L. Šari?, B. Koki?, and J. Levi?, “MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF ANIMAL FEED FROM REGION OF VOJVODINA IN 2009,” pp. 374–382, 2009.
[29] R. H. Davies and C. Wray, “Distribution of salmonella contamination in ten animal feedmills,” Vet. Microbiol., vol. 57, no. 2–3, pp. 159–169, Sep. 1997.
[30] G. Butcher and R. Miles, “Minimizing microbial contamination in feed mills producing poultry feed,” no. April, pp. 1–3, 2011.
[31] V. Ravindran, “Poultry feed availability and nutrition in developing countries,” Monogastric Res. Centre, Inst. Food, Nutr. Hum. Heal. Massey Univ. Palmerst. North, New Zeal. Feed, pp. 1–3, 2011.
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2016-05-03
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Mdemu, S., Mathara, J. M., & Makondo, Z. E. (2016). Isolation of Salmonella in Commercial Chicken Feeds in Ilala District. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 19(1), 1–8. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1628
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