Wind Tunnels: State of Art Survey and Future Scope for Testing Micro Air Vehicles
Keywords:
Subsonic Wind Tunnel, Low Cost, Test Section, Aerodynamics, Fluid Flow, Velocity Profile.Abstract
Through the years the growth of Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) has gained increasing interest among engineers in the applications of military and civil domains. However obtaining accurate aerodynamic flying characteristics of MAV's was considered difficult due to their small size, the nature of their very low Reynolds's number as well as the lack of testing methods. To overcome these complexity, the MAV's can be tested by using a subsonic open circuit micro scaled wind tunnel. This paper presents the development of wind tunnels analyzed from research journals from the year 1937 to 2015 in order fabricate a micro scaled model of the tunnel to test the fundamental aerodynamics of a MAV flying at low speed and low Reynolds's number. The study clearly indicates that micro scaled wind tunnels are certainly bringing infinite possibilities to studying and understanding the in-flight characteristics of very small aircrafts flying at the low speeds and having low aspect ratio.
References
[1] Mueller, T.J., “Aerodynamic Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers for Fixed Wing Micro Aerial Vehicles”, presented at the "Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications" course held at the von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Belgium, September 13-17, 1999.
[2] Mueller, T. J., "Low Reynolds Number Vehicles", AGARDograph No. 288, 1985
[3] Lissaman, P. B. S., "Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 15, 1983, pp. 223-239
[4] Kai Liu, Andrea Da Rounch, Daochun Li, Jinwu Xiang, "Modeling of Unsteady Aerodynamics for a Flapping Wing", School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihing Univ, Beijing, 2015.
[5] Gabriel Torres and Thomas J. Mueller, "Micro Aerial Vehicle Development: Design, Components, Fabrication and Flight Testing", Univ of Notre Dame, 46556.
[6] T. J. Muller, “Aerodynamic measurements at low Reynolds numbers for fixed wing micro-air vehicles,” Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications, pp. 8-1-8-32, April 2000.
[7] R. Ramamurti and W. Sandberg, “Simulation of the dynamics of micro air vehicles,” AIAA 2000-0896, 10-13 January 2000.
[8] W. Shyy, M. Berg, and D. Ljungqvist, “Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro Vehicles,” Process in Aerospace Sciences, vol.35, no.5, 1999, pp. 455-506.
[9] M. R. Waszak, L. N. Jenkins and P. G. Ifju, “Stability and control properties of an aeroelastic fixed wing micro aerial vehicle,” AIAA 2001-4005
[10] P. G. Ifju, D. A. Jenkins, S. Ettinger, Y. Lian, W. Shyy, and M. R. Waszak, “Flexible-wing-based micro air vehicles,” AIAA 2002-0705.
[11] Kellogg, C. Bovais, and R. Foch R, et al. “The NRL micro tactical expendable (MITE) air vehicle,” Aeronautical Journal, August 2002, vol.106, pp. 431-441.
[12] D. Jones and M. F. Platzer, “An experimental and numerical investigation of flapping-wing propulsion,” AIAA-99-0995.
[13] G. Torres and T. J. Mueller. “Micro aerial vehicle development: design, components, fabrication, and flight-testing,” Presented at the AUVSI Unmanned Systems 2000 Symposium and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, July 11-13, 2000.
[14] Dong Sun, Huaiyu Wu, Rong Zhu, Ling Che Hung, " Development of Micro Air Vehicle Based on Aerodynamic Modeling Analysis in Tunnel Test", International Conf. on Robotic and Automation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, April, 2005
[15] Craig A. Zehrug: “Comparative Analysis of a Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Designed for Renewable Energy Applications”. Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs College of Technology Theses and Projects, Page-10, 2011.
[16] Rae, W. H. Jr. and Pope A., Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., 1984.
[17] R.D. Mehta and P. Bradshaw, "Design rules for small low speed wind tunnels", The Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Nov., 1979.
[18] R.J. Stalker, "Modern developments in hypersonic wind tunnels", Centre for Hypersonic, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
[19] Experimental Hypersonic Test Facilities and Measurements, NPTEL, aerospace, [Online]. Available: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101103003/pdf/mod7.pdf
[20] Hadassah Naiman,"Analysis and Design of Quiet hypersonic wind tunnels", Dissertation, Ph.D, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Jan. 2010.
[21] William Bugden, Katherine Fitton, Geordia Folinas, Nathan Fournier, Gallagher Hogan, Markus Ito, Joshua Lambert, Neel Patel, Dong-Uk Shin, Grant Wont, Earl Ziegler, "Design and Construction of a Supersonic Wind Tunnel with Diagnostics," Worcester Polytechnic Institute, JB3-SWT3, April 17,2013
[22] T.D. Reed, T.C. Pope, and J. M. Cooksey, "Calibration of Transonic and Supersonic Wind Tunnels", Nasa Contractor Report, NAS2-8606, Nov., 1977
[23] Moore P. Design of a Supersonic Wind Tunnel. Major Qualifying Project. Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2009. ME-JB3-SWT1.
[24] W.H. Mason, "Transonic Aerodynamics of airfoils and wings", Mar. 2006
[25] NORLIZAA BT MOHAMAD, "Design and development of wind tunnel for contraction ratio effects to the velocity and boundary layer thickness, B.Me Thesis, Dept., Manufacturing Engg., Univ. Malaysia Pahang, June 2012.
[26] Milan Vlajinac, "Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Subsonic Wind Tunnel, Thesis, M.sc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June, 1970
[27] Barlow, Jewel B., William H. Rae, and Alan Pope. Low-speed wind tunnel testing. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
[28] Mansi Singh, Neha Singh & Sunil Kumar Yadav “Review of Design and Construction of an Open Circuit Low Speed Wind Tunnel” Volume 13 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2013Online ISSN: 2249-4596 Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
[29] Mansi Singh, Neha Singh & Sunil Kumar Yadav “Review of Design and Construction of an Open Circuit Low Speed Wind Tunnel” Volume 13 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2013Online ISSN: 2249-4596 Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
[30] Nathan Tatman, “Wind Tunnel Design and Operation”, a thesis paper submitted for undergraduate degree, 2008
[31] Barlow, Jewel B., William H. Rae, and Alan Pope. Low-speed wind tunnel testing. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
[32] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 1979, pp. 447-458.
[33] Miguel A. González Hernández, Ana I. Moreno López, Artur A. Jarzabek, José M. Perales Perales, Yuliang Wu and Sun Xiaoxiao," Design Methodology for a Quick and Low-Cost Wind Tunnel", Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain and Beijing Institute of Technology, China.
[34] EFFECT OF SQUARE CELLS IN IMPROVING WIND TUNNEL FLOW QUALITY, presented at the Conf., The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Tapei, Taiwan, Nov. 8-12, 2009.
[35] Norlizaa BT Mohamad, "Design and development of wind tunnel for contraction ratio effects to the velocity and boundary layer thickness, B.Me Thesis, Dept., Manufacturing Engg., Univ. Malaysia Pahang, June 2012.
[36] James Scheiman, "Considerations for the Installation of Honeycomb and Screens To Reduce Wind-Tunnel Turbulence", NASA-TM-81868 19810020599
[37] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 19T9, pp. 447-458.
[38] Kashif Javed, Mazhar Ali, "Design & Construction of subsonic wind tunnel focus on two dimensional contraction cone profile using sixth order polynomial"
[39] Hsue-Shen Tsien. "On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel", Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1943), pp. 68-70.
[40] Derbunivich, G.I., Zemskaya, A.S., Repik, E.U. and Sosedko, Y.P. (1987) Effect of flow contraction on the level of turbulence. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Mekh. Zhidk. Gaza, 2, 146–152
[41] Jonathan H. Watmuff, "Wind Tunnel Contraction Design", presented at the Conf., Fluid Mechanics Conference, Auckland, Dec., 8-12, 1986
[42] Amiet, R.K. (1978) Refraction of sound by a shear layer. J. Sound Vib., 58(4), 467–482
[43] Andrew R. Coggan, "The Coggan Low Speed Wind Tunnel: Design, Dimension and Operating Characteristics, Thesis, Ph.D, Nov, 2011.
[44] Bradshaw, P. and Mehta, R. (2003) Wind Tunnel Design, http://www-htgl.stanford.edu/bradshaw/tunnel/ (accessed 18 June 2009
[45] Barlow, J.B., Rae, W.H. Jr. and Pope, A. (1999) Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, 3rd edn, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[46] Mehta, R.D. (1977) The aerodynamic design of blower tunnels with wide angle diffusers. Progr. Aerosp. Sci., 18, 59–120.
[47] Cockrell, D.J. and Markland, E. Diffuser behaviour- a review of past experimental work- relevant today. Aircr Engng, Vol 46, p 16 (reprint of Vol 35, p 286), 1974
[48] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 19T9, pp. 445-446
[49] Luis Lopez de Vega, Francisco Javier Maldonado Fernandez, Pedro Munoz Botas, " Optimisation of a Low Speed Wind Tunnel; Analysis and Redesign of Corner Vanes" , May 2014.
[50] Louis Cattafesta, Christopher J. Bahr, Jose Mathew, " Fundamentals of Wind Tunnel Design", Dept., of Mech. and Aero. Engg., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Feb 7, 2016
[51] Collar, A.R. (1937) Some experiments with cascades of aerofoils. A.R.C., Reports and Memoranda Technical Report 1768.
[52] Salter, C. (1946) Experiments on thin turning vanes. A.R.C., Reports and Memoranda, no. 2469.
[53] Beranek, L.L. and Ver, I.L. (1992) Noise and Vibration Control Engineering - Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York
[54] Louis Cattafesta, Christopher J. Bahr, Jose Mathew, " Fundamentals of Wind Tunnel Design", Dept., of Mech. and Aero. Engg., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Feb 7, 2016
[55] Tavoularis, S. (2005) Measurements in Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, New York.
[56] Mathew, J. (2005) Design, fabrication and characterization of an anechoic wind tunnel facility. PhD. MAE Department, University of Florida.
[57] Brooks, T.F., Pope, D.S. and Marcolini, M.A. (1989) Airfoil self noise and prediction. NASA Reference Publication 1218, July 1989.
[58] Duell, E., Yen, J., Walter, J. and Arenette, S. (2004) Boundary layer noise in aeroacoustic wind tunnels. 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Conference. AIAA Paper 2004-1028. Reno, Nevada, January 2004.
[59] Thomas J. Mueller, "Aerodynamic Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers for Fixed Wing Micro-Air Vehicles", Conf., Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications, Sept., 1999.
[2] Mueller, T. J., "Low Reynolds Number Vehicles", AGARDograph No. 288, 1985
[3] Lissaman, P. B. S., "Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils", Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 15, 1983, pp. 223-239
[4] Kai Liu, Andrea Da Rounch, Daochun Li, Jinwu Xiang, "Modeling of Unsteady Aerodynamics for a Flapping Wing", School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihing Univ, Beijing, 2015.
[5] Gabriel Torres and Thomas J. Mueller, "Micro Aerial Vehicle Development: Design, Components, Fabrication and Flight Testing", Univ of Notre Dame, 46556.
[6] T. J. Muller, “Aerodynamic measurements at low Reynolds numbers for fixed wing micro-air vehicles,” Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications, pp. 8-1-8-32, April 2000.
[7] R. Ramamurti and W. Sandberg, “Simulation of the dynamics of micro air vehicles,” AIAA 2000-0896, 10-13 January 2000.
[8] W. Shyy, M. Berg, and D. Ljungqvist, “Flapping and flexible wings for biological and micro Vehicles,” Process in Aerospace Sciences, vol.35, no.5, 1999, pp. 455-506.
[9] M. R. Waszak, L. N. Jenkins and P. G. Ifju, “Stability and control properties of an aeroelastic fixed wing micro aerial vehicle,” AIAA 2001-4005
[10] P. G. Ifju, D. A. Jenkins, S. Ettinger, Y. Lian, W. Shyy, and M. R. Waszak, “Flexible-wing-based micro air vehicles,” AIAA 2002-0705.
[11] Kellogg, C. Bovais, and R. Foch R, et al. “The NRL micro tactical expendable (MITE) air vehicle,” Aeronautical Journal, August 2002, vol.106, pp. 431-441.
[12] D. Jones and M. F. Platzer, “An experimental and numerical investigation of flapping-wing propulsion,” AIAA-99-0995.
[13] G. Torres and T. J. Mueller. “Micro aerial vehicle development: design, components, fabrication, and flight-testing,” Presented at the AUVSI Unmanned Systems 2000 Symposium and Exhibition, Orlando, FL, July 11-13, 2000.
[14] Dong Sun, Huaiyu Wu, Rong Zhu, Ling Che Hung, " Development of Micro Air Vehicle Based on Aerodynamic Modeling Analysis in Tunnel Test", International Conf. on Robotic and Automation, IEEE, Barcelona, Spain, April, 2005
[15] Craig A. Zehrug: “Comparative Analysis of a Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Designed for Renewable Energy Applications”. Purdue University Purdue e-Pubs College of Technology Theses and Projects, Page-10, 2011.
[16] Rae, W. H. Jr. and Pope A., Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd Ed., 1984.
[17] R.D. Mehta and P. Bradshaw, "Design rules for small low speed wind tunnels", The Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Nov., 1979.
[18] R.J. Stalker, "Modern developments in hypersonic wind tunnels", Centre for Hypersonic, Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
[19] Experimental Hypersonic Test Facilities and Measurements, NPTEL, aerospace, [Online]. Available: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/101103003/pdf/mod7.pdf
[20] Hadassah Naiman,"Analysis and Design of Quiet hypersonic wind tunnels", Dissertation, Ph.D, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Jan. 2010.
[21] William Bugden, Katherine Fitton, Geordia Folinas, Nathan Fournier, Gallagher Hogan, Markus Ito, Joshua Lambert, Neel Patel, Dong-Uk Shin, Grant Wont, Earl Ziegler, "Design and Construction of a Supersonic Wind Tunnel with Diagnostics," Worcester Polytechnic Institute, JB3-SWT3, April 17,2013
[22] T.D. Reed, T.C. Pope, and J. M. Cooksey, "Calibration of Transonic and Supersonic Wind Tunnels", Nasa Contractor Report, NAS2-8606, Nov., 1977
[23] Moore P. Design of a Supersonic Wind Tunnel. Major Qualifying Project. Worcester Polytechnic Institute 2009. ME-JB3-SWT1.
[24] W.H. Mason, "Transonic Aerodynamics of airfoils and wings", Mar. 2006
[25] NORLIZAA BT MOHAMAD, "Design and development of wind tunnel for contraction ratio effects to the velocity and boundary layer thickness, B.Me Thesis, Dept., Manufacturing Engg., Univ. Malaysia Pahang, June 2012.
[26] Milan Vlajinac, "Design, Construction and Evaluation of a Subsonic Wind Tunnel, Thesis, M.sc., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, June, 1970
[27] Barlow, Jewel B., William H. Rae, and Alan Pope. Low-speed wind tunnel testing. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
[28] Mansi Singh, Neha Singh & Sunil Kumar Yadav “Review of Design and Construction of an Open Circuit Low Speed Wind Tunnel” Volume 13 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2013Online ISSN: 2249-4596 Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
[29] Mansi Singh, Neha Singh & Sunil Kumar Yadav “Review of Design and Construction of an Open Circuit Low Speed Wind Tunnel” Volume 13 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2013Online ISSN: 2249-4596 Print ISSN: 0975-5861 Publisher: Global Journals Inc. (USA)
[30] Nathan Tatman, “Wind Tunnel Design and Operation”, a thesis paper submitted for undergraduate degree, 2008
[31] Barlow, Jewel B., William H. Rae, and Alan Pope. Low-speed wind tunnel testing. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
[32] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 1979, pp. 447-458.
[33] Miguel A. González Hernández, Ana I. Moreno López, Artur A. Jarzabek, José M. Perales Perales, Yuliang Wu and Sun Xiaoxiao," Design Methodology for a Quick and Low-Cost Wind Tunnel", Polytechnic University of Madrid, Spain and Beijing Institute of Technology, China.
[34] EFFECT OF SQUARE CELLS IN IMPROVING WIND TUNNEL FLOW QUALITY, presented at the Conf., The Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering, Tapei, Taiwan, Nov. 8-12, 2009.
[35] Norlizaa BT Mohamad, "Design and development of wind tunnel for contraction ratio effects to the velocity and boundary layer thickness, B.Me Thesis, Dept., Manufacturing Engg., Univ. Malaysia Pahang, June 2012.
[36] James Scheiman, "Considerations for the Installation of Honeycomb and Screens To Reduce Wind-Tunnel Turbulence", NASA-TM-81868 19810020599
[37] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 19T9, pp. 447-458.
[38] Kashif Javed, Mazhar Ali, "Design & Construction of subsonic wind tunnel focus on two dimensional contraction cone profile using sixth order polynomial"
[39] Hsue-Shen Tsien. "On the Design of the Contraction Cone for a Wind Tunnel", Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1943), pp. 68-70.
[40] Derbunivich, G.I., Zemskaya, A.S., Repik, E.U. and Sosedko, Y.P. (1987) Effect of flow contraction on the level of turbulence. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR Mekh. Zhidk. Gaza, 2, 146–152
[41] Jonathan H. Watmuff, "Wind Tunnel Contraction Design", presented at the Conf., Fluid Mechanics Conference, Auckland, Dec., 8-12, 1986
[42] Amiet, R.K. (1978) Refraction of sound by a shear layer. J. Sound Vib., 58(4), 467–482
[43] Andrew R. Coggan, "The Coggan Low Speed Wind Tunnel: Design, Dimension and Operating Characteristics, Thesis, Ph.D, Nov, 2011.
[44] Bradshaw, P. and Mehta, R. (2003) Wind Tunnel Design, http://www-htgl.stanford.edu/bradshaw/tunnel/ (accessed 18 June 2009
[45] Barlow, J.B., Rae, W.H. Jr. and Pope, A. (1999) Low-Speed Wind Tunnel Testing, 3rd edn, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[46] Mehta, R.D. (1977) The aerodynamic design of blower tunnels with wide angle diffusers. Progr. Aerosp. Sci., 18, 59–120.
[47] Cockrell, D.J. and Markland, E. Diffuser behaviour- a review of past experimental work- relevant today. Aircr Engng, Vol 46, p 16 (reprint of Vol 35, p 286), 1974
[48] Mehta, R.D. and Bradshaw, P., “Design Rules for Small Low Speed Wind Tunnels,” Aetonaut. J.. vol.83. 30.827. November 19T9, pp. 445-446
[49] Luis Lopez de Vega, Francisco Javier Maldonado Fernandez, Pedro Munoz Botas, " Optimisation of a Low Speed Wind Tunnel; Analysis and Redesign of Corner Vanes" , May 2014.
[50] Louis Cattafesta, Christopher J. Bahr, Jose Mathew, " Fundamentals of Wind Tunnel Design", Dept., of Mech. and Aero. Engg., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Feb 7, 2016
[51] Collar, A.R. (1937) Some experiments with cascades of aerofoils. A.R.C., Reports and Memoranda Technical Report 1768.
[52] Salter, C. (1946) Experiments on thin turning vanes. A.R.C., Reports and Memoranda, no. 2469.
[53] Beranek, L.L. and Ver, I.L. (1992) Noise and Vibration Control Engineering - Principles and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York
[54] Louis Cattafesta, Christopher J. Bahr, Jose Mathew, " Fundamentals of Wind Tunnel Design", Dept., of Mech. and Aero. Engg., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, Feb 7, 2016
[55] Tavoularis, S. (2005) Measurements in Fluid Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, New York.
[56] Mathew, J. (2005) Design, fabrication and characterization of an anechoic wind tunnel facility. PhD. MAE Department, University of Florida.
[57] Brooks, T.F., Pope, D.S. and Marcolini, M.A. (1989) Airfoil self noise and prediction. NASA Reference Publication 1218, July 1989.
[58] Duell, E., Yen, J., Walter, J. and Arenette, S. (2004) Boundary layer noise in aeroacoustic wind tunnels. 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Conference. AIAA Paper 2004-1028. Reno, Nevada, January 2004.
[59] Thomas J. Mueller, "Aerodynamic Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers for Fixed Wing Micro-Air Vehicles", Conf., Development and Operation of UAVs for Military and Civil Applications, Sept., 1999.
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Published
2016-05-05
How to Cite
Dsouza, R. D., Salim, S., Shankar, A., Safwan, M., & D’sa, S. (2016). Wind Tunnels: State of Art Survey and Future Scope for Testing Micro Air Vehicles. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 19(1), 25–41. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1627
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