Determination of Trace Metals in Crude Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry in Khurmala and Guwayar Oil Fields of Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Keywords:
crude oil, API, Specific gravity, Atomic Absorption. crude oil, Atomic Absorption.Abstract
Fifteen crude oil samples were collected from different oil fields of the Kurdistan region, Northern Iraq to determine four trace metals, Fe, Ni, Cr and Pb. The analytical technique is applied mainly by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ASS). Samples of these areas has not been previously examined for trace elements contents. API value of crude oils are inversely proportional to specific gravities and might be considered as a primary estimation for hydrocarbon contents. The relationship between trace metals and American Petroleum Institute (API) values of the samples are inversely proportional where the increasing API value of crude oil samples means a decrease in the metal contents of the samples. The method of dry ashing- acid dissolution (DA) was implemented. The results concluded that crude oil samples of the Kurdistan region have a low metal content. Nevertheless, they could be seen as an essential health hazard for humans and the environment. In t-Test ? for iron, chromium and lead, there is no relationship between these three heavy metals.
References
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[8] H. J. Fischbeck, M. H. Engel , A. V. Ruffel and B. L. Weaver, "Applications of an External Beam PIXE Method for Determining the Distribution of Trace Metals In Degraded and Nondegraded Crude oils," Nuclear Intruments and Methods in Physics Research, vol. 24, pp. 655-657.
[9] F. Tadayon, A. Massoumi and A. Eslami, "etermination of Vanadium, Nickel, and Iron in Crude Oil by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography," Journal of Chromatographic Science, vol. 37, pp. 371-374, 1999.
[10] G. Sebor, I. Lang, P. Vavrecka, V. Sychra and O. Weisser, "The Determination of Metals in Petroleum Samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, Part 1, The determination of Vanadium," Analytica Chemica Acta, vol. 78, pp. 99-106, 1975.
[11] R. I. Botto, "Matrix Interferences in the Analysis of Organic Solutions by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry," Spectrochemica Acta Part B, vol. 42, pp. 181-199, 1987.
[12] S. Dreyfus, C. Pecheyan, C. Magnier, A. Prinzhofer and C. P. Liennemam, "Direct Trace and Ultra-Trace Metals Determination in Crude Oil and Fractions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.," Journal of ASTM International, vol. 2, pp. 1-8, 2005.
[13] T. Saint Pierre, L. F. Dias and R. Q. Aucelio, "Determination of Cu, Mn, Ni and Sn in Gasoline by Electrothermal Vaporization Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, and Emulsion Sample Introduction," Spectrochemica Acta Part B, vol. 57, pp. 1991-2001, 2002.
[14] R. M. De Souza, R. M. Silveria and R. Q. Aucelio, "Determination of Refractory Elements in Used Lubricating Oil by ICP-OES Employing Emulsified Sample Introduction and Calibration with Inorganic Standards," Analytical Aciences, vol. 20, pp. 351-355, 2005.
[15] M. Bettinelli and P. Tillarelli, "Evaluation and Validation of Instrumental Procedures for the Determination of Nickel and Vanadium in Fuel Oils," Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, vol. 9, pp. 805-812, 1994.
[16] M. M. Barbooti and F. Jasim, "Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Vanadium," Talanta, 1982.
[17] J. L. Fabec and M. L. Rushak, "Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, and Sulfur in Crudes and Heavy Crude Fractions by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma/Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Flame Photometry," Analytical Chemistry , vol. 57, pp. 1853-1863.
[18] L. C. Osuji and C. M. Onojake, "Trace Heavy Metals Associated with Crude Oil: A Case Study of Ebocha-8 Oil-Spill-Polluted Site in Niger Delta, Nigeria," Chemistry & Biodevirsity , vol. 1, pp. 1708-1715, 2004.
[19] G. P. Brandao, R. C. De Campus and H. C. DE Jesus, "Determination of Copper, Iron and Vanadium in Petroleum by Direct Sampling Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrpmetry," Spectrochemica Acta Parrt B,, vol. 62, pp. 962-969, 2007.
[20] M. M. Barbooti, N. S. Zaki, Baha-Uddin and E. B. Hassan, "Use of Silica Gel in the Preparation of used lubricating Oils for the determination of Wear Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry," Analyst (London), vol. 115, pp. 1059-1061, 1990.
[21] A. P. Udoh, A. A. Thomas and E. J. Ekanem, "Application of p-Xylenesulphonic Acid as Ashing Reagent in the Determination of Trace Metals in Crude Oil," Talanta, vol. 39, pp. 1591-1595, 1992.
[22] Z. Kowalewska, "Effect of Chemical Modification on Behavior of Various Organic Vanadium Forms during Analysis by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry," Spectrachemica Acta Part B, vol. 62, pp. 273-283, 2007.
[23] I. M. Dittert, J. S. Silva, R. G. Araujo, B. Welz and H. Becker-ros, "Direct and Simultaneous Determination of Cr and Fe in Crude Oil Using High-Resolution Continuum Source Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry," Spectrochemica Acta Part B, vol. 64, pp. 437-543, 2009.
[24] E. M. Sedykh, L. N. Bannykh, G. S. Korobeinik and N. P. Starshinova, "Determination of Nickel and Vanadium in Crude Oils by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy after Mineralization in an Autoclave," inorganic Materials, vol. 47, pp. 1539-1543, 2011.
[25] G. S. Ortega, C. Pecheyran, G. Hudin, E. Marosits and O. F. Donard , "Different Approaches of Crude Oil Mineralisation for Trace Metal Analysis by ICPMS," Microchemical Journal, vol. 106, pp. 250-254, 2013.
[26] Institute of Petroleum, "Standard Methods of Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products," London, vol. 2, p. 336, 1989.
[27] Institute of Petroleum, "Standard Methods of Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products," London, vol. 1, p. 160, 1989.
[28] N. S. Zaki, M. M. Barbooti, S. S. Baha-Uddin and E. B. Hassan, "Determination of Trace Metals and Their Distribution in Heavy Crude Oil Distillates (350?C+) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry," Applied Spectroscopy, vol. 43, pp. 1257-1259, 1989.
[29] M. F. Ali, A. Bukhari and M. Saleem, "Trace Metals in Crude Oils from Saudi Arabia," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, vol. 22, pp. 691-694, 1983.
[30] R. F. Must, R. R. Ruch and W. F. Meents, "Vanadium in Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician Crude Oils of Illinois," Illinois State Geological Survey, p. 483, 1973.
[31] R. M. Carlson, M. M. Pena , M. M. Boduszynski, C. E. Rechsteiner, A. S. Shafizadeh and P. C. Henshaw, "Geochemical-Viscosity Correlations among Heavy Crude Oils of the San Joaquin Valley," California, Paper 1998- 2003, 7th UNITAR Heavy Crude and Tar Sands International Conference Proceedings., pp. 1998-2003, 1998.
[32] M. M. Barbooti, E. Z. Said, E. B. Hassan and S. M. Abdul-Ridha, "Separation and Spectrophotometric Investigations of the Distribution on Nickel and Vandium in Heavy Crude Oils," Fuel, vol. 68, pp. 84-87, 1989.
[33] G. Sebor, V. Kubelka and O. Weisser, "Separation and Characterization of Vanadylporphyrins from Romashkino Petroleum," Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, vol. 44, pp. 551-557, 1979.
[34] C. P. Lienmann, S. Dreyfus, C. Pecheyran and O. F. Donard, "Trace Metal Analysis in Petroleum Products: Sample Introduction Evaluation in ICP-OES and Comparison with ICP-MS Approach," Oil & Gas Science and Technology, vol. 62, pp. 69-77, 2007.
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2016-06-12
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Jadoon, S., Amin, A. A., Mahmood, H. K., Hamoodi, D. A., & Sabir, M. F. M. (2016). Determination of Trace Metals in Crude Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry in Khurmala and Guwayar Oil Fields of Kurdistan Region, Iraq. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 20(1), 213–223. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1612
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