The Evolution of China’s Wolf Warrior Diplomacy

Abstract

"Wolf warrior" diplomacy, a term derived from a series of popular Chinese patriotic action films, encapsulates a new assertive and confrontational style of Chinese diplomacy that emerged prominently in the late 2010s. This style has been characterized by an assertive defense of China's national interests and a proactive stance in international relations, marked by confrontational rhetoric and the strategic use of social media. The evolution of wolf warrior diplomacy can be traced through three main stages: the pre-pandemic period (2012-2019), the pandemic period (2020-2022), and the post-pandemic phase (2023-present). This paper employs critical discourse analysis to examine the speeches and public statements of Chinese officials, revealing wolf warrior diplomacy as a strategic communication effort that emphasizes China's diplomatic presence, global engagement, and assertive positions on sovereignty and regional stability. The findings highlight the complex interplay between nationalism, digital diplomacy, and China's broader geopolitical strategy under Xi Jinping's leadership