Determination of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Selected Medicinal Plants
Keywords:
Medicinal plant extracts, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties.Abstract
In this work, attempt has been made to determine theantimicrobial and antioxidant activities of aqueous and organic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina(1),Ajugaintegrifolia(2), Artemisia afra(3), and Artemisia absinthium (4). The plant extracts were tested against clinically important bacteria- Escherichia coli,Shigella, staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis.The results showed that methanol extract is more effective than that of aqueous extract which is in turn more effective than that of petroleum ether. The methanol extract of 3 could inhibit all test bacteria and exhibited significant (P ? 0.05) antimicrobial activity when compared with other herbs, with the zone of inhibition ranging from 18.33±0.58 to 26.00±1.73 mm. On the other hand, 4 demonstrated a moderate activity against the test bacteria with the zone of inhibition ranging from 5.57±0.58 to 8.00±1.67 mm. However, that of 1 and 2 had no significant antibacterial activity against test bacteria except a moderate activity against Escherichia coli with the zone of inhibition ranging from 3.09±1.47. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 3 were 0.1-2.5 and 1.2-2.5 (gm/ml) respectively against E. coli- a common enterogenic bacteria. Mechanistic insight regarding the active principle is deciphered through alkaloid free against free alkaloid. The results reinforced the fact that oxygenated metabolites are most responsible for the antimicrobials when compared with alkaloids. 1, 2 and 3 showed significant antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 24.2, 18.9 and 20.2 ?g/mL respectively. In conclusion, 3 is relatively most effective against the test bacteria. The recorded antioxidant activities of 1, 2 and 3 reinforce their traditional use in the treatment of liver disease.
References
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[2]. S. Chao, G. Young, C. Oberg, K. Nakaoka.“Inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by essential oils.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal, vol.23, pp. 444-9, 2008.
[3]. Z.A. Zakaria, C.A. Fatimah, A.M.M. Jais, H. Zaiton, E.F.P. Henie, M.R. Sulaiman et al. “The in vitro Antibacterial Activity of Muntingiacalabura Extracts.” International Journal of Pharmacology, vol.2, pp. 439-442, 2006.
[4]. T. Nitta, T. Arai, H. Takamatsu, Y. Inatomi, H. Murata, M. Iinuma et al. “Antibacterial Activity of Extracts Prepared from Tropical and Subtropical Plants on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.” Journal of Health Science, vol. 48, pp. 273-276,2002.
[5]. L.K.H. Souza, C.M.A.D. Oliveira, P.H. Ferri, J.G.D.O. Junior, A.H.D.S. Junior, O.D.F.L. Fernandes et al. “Antimicrobial activity of Hyptisovalifolia towards dermatophytes.” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz,vol. 98, pp. 963-965, 2003.
[6]. B. Saad, H. Azaizeh, G. Abu-Hijleh,S. Said. “The state of the art of traditional Arab herbal medicine in the Eastern region of the Mediterranean: a review.”Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med.Vol. 3, pp. 433-439, 2006.
[7]. D. A. Akinpelu. “Antimicrobial activity of Vernoniaamygdalina • leaves.” Fitoterapia, vol. 70, pp. 232-234, 1999.
[8]. C. Hladik, S. Krief, C. Haxaire. “Ethnomedicinal and bioactive properties of plants ingested by wild chimpanzees in Uganda.”J. Ethnopharmacol, vol. 101, pp. 1-5, 2005.
[9].B.A. Iwalokun, B.U. Efedede, J.A. Alabi-Sofunde,T. Oduala, O.A. Magbagbeola, A.I. Akinwande.“Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of Vernoniaamygdalina on acetaminophen-induced hepatic damage in mice.” J. Med. Food. Vol. 9, pp. 524-530, 2006.
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[12]. S.M. Kupchan, R.J. Hemmnigway, A. Karim, D. Werner. “Tumor inhibitors XLVII vernodalin and vernomygdin, two new cytotoxic sesquiterpene lactones fromVernoniaamygdalina.” J. Org. Chem.vol.34, pp.3908–3911, 1969.
[13]. G.O. Igile, W. Oleszek, M. Jurzysta, S. Burda, M. Fafunso, A.A. Fasanmade.“Flavonoids from Vernoniaamygdalina and their antioxidant activities.” J. Agric. Food Chem. Vol. 42, pp.2445-2448, 1994.
[14]. I. Hedberg, E. Kelbessa, S. Edwards, S. Demissew,E. Persson.Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Uppsala, Sweden, vol. 5, pp.527-528, 2006.
[15]. M. Giday, Z. Asfaw, Z. Woldu,T. Teklehaymanot. “Medicinal plant knowledge of the Bench ethnic group of Ethiopia: an ethnobotanical investigation.”Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 5, pp.34,2009.
[16]. B. Abera. “Medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by Oromo people, Ghimbi District, Southwest Ethiopia.” Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 10, pp. 40, 2014.
[17].L. Bennaghmouch, N. Hajjaji, A. Zellou, Y. Cherrah.“Étudepharmacologiqued'Ajugaiva.” Annalespharmaceutiquesfrançaises, vol.59, pp. 284, 2001.
[18].A. Tahraoui, J. El-Hilaly, Z.H. Israili, B. Lyoussi.“Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used in the traditional treatment of hypertension and diabetes in south-eastern Morocco (Errachidia province).” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol.110, pp. 105-117, 2007.
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[20]. H. Ben-Jannet, F. Harzallah-Skhiri, Z. Mighri, M.S.J. Simmonds, W.M. Blaney.“Responses of Spodopteralittoralis larvae to Tunisian plant extracts and to neo-clerodanediterpenoids isolated from Ajugapseudoiva leaves.” Fitoterapia, vol. 71, pp. 105-112, 2000.
[21]. M. Gundidza.“Antifungal activity of essential oil from Artemisia afraJacq.” Cent Afr J Med, vol. 39, pp. 140-142, 1993.
[22]. T. Rabe, J. van Staden. “Antibacterial activity of South African plants used for medicinal purposes.”J.Ethnopharmacol, vol. 56, pp. 81-87, 1997.
[23]. M. Burits, K. Asres, F. Bucar.“The antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Artemisia afra, Artemisia abyssinica and Juniperusprocera.” Phytother Res, vol. 15, pp. 103-108, 2001.
[24]. E.E. Elgorashi, J.L.S. Taylor, L. Vershaeve, A. Maes, J. van Staden. “Screening of medicinal plants used in South African traditional medicine for genotoxic effects.”ToxicolLett, vol. 143, pp. 195-207, 2003.
[25]. G. Fouche, G.M. Cragg, P. Pillay, N.I. Kolesnikova, V.J. Haharaj.“In vitro anticancer screening of South African plants.” J.Ethnopharmacol, vol. 119, pp.455-461, 2008.
[26]. S.P. Mativandlela, J.J. Meyer, A.A. Hussein, P.J. Houghton, C.J. Hamilton. “Activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. tuberculosis by extract of South African medicinal plants.”Phytother Res, vol. 22, pp. 841-845, 2008.
[27]. F. van der Kooy, R. Verpoorte, J.J.M.Meyer.“Metabolomic quality control of claimed anti-malarial Artemisia afra herbal remedy and A. afra and A. annua plant extracts.” S Afr J Bot, vol. 74, pp. 186-189, 2008.
[28]. E. Nibert, M.Wink.“Volatile components of four Ethiopian Artemisia species extracts and their in vitro antitrypanosomal and cytotoxic activities.” Phytomedicine, vol. 17, pp. 369-374, 2010.
[29]. T.O. Sunmonu, A. Afolayan.“Protective effect of Artemisia afraJacq. on isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury in Wistar rats.” J. Food ChemToxicol, vol. 48, pp.1969-1972, 2010.
[30]. J.T. Mukinda, J.A. Syce, D. Fisher, M. Meyer. “Effect of the plant matrix on the uptake of luteolin derivatives-containing Artemisia afra aqueous-extract in Caco-2 cells.” J Ethanopharmacol, vol. 130, pp.439-449, 2010.
[31]. K.D. Yoon, Y-W. Chin, M.H.Yang, J.S. Kim, E. Kim.“Separation of anti-ulcer flavonoids from Artemisia extracts by high-speed countercurrent chromatography.” Food Chemistry, vol.129, pp. 679-683, 2011.
[32]. F. Chialva, G. Gabri, P. A. P. Liddle,F. Ulian.“Qualitative evaluation of aromatic herbs by direct headspace GC analysis.” J. High Resol. Chromatogr.,Chromatogr. Commun., vol. 5, pp. 181–188, 1982.
[33]. F. Chialva, P. A. P. Liddle, G. Doglia,“Chemotaxonomy of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.) I. Composition of the essential oil of several chemotypes. Z. Lebensm. Unters.” Forsch.,vol. 176, pp. 363–366, 1983.
[34]. R.T.Trotter, M.H.Logan. Plants in indigenous medicine and diet. New York: Redgrave.1986, pp. 91-112.
[35]. M.N. Alexiades. Selected Guidelines for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual. New York: The New York Botanical Garden,1996, pp. 99-133.
[36].A. Sofowra. Medicinal Plants And traditional Medicine In Africa. Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd., Ibadan, 1993, pp.191-289.
[37].G. E.Trease, W.C. Evans.Pharmacognosy. London: BailliereTindall, 1989, pp. 45-50.
[38]. J.B. Harborne. Phytochemicals Methods. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1973, pp. 49-188.
[39].M. Cuendet, K. Hostettmann, O. Potterat.“ Iridoidglucosides with free radical scavenging properties from Fagraeablumei.” HelvChimActa, vol. 80, pp. 1144-1152, 1997.
[40].A.J. Kirby, R. J. Schmidt.“The antioxidant activity of Chinese herbs for eczema and of placebo herbs--I.” J Ethnopharmacology, vol. 56, pp. 103-108, 1997.
[41].R. Shafiur. Natural Antimicrobials for Food Preservation: Handbook of Food Preservation. US: CRC Press, 2007, P. 239.
[42]. G. G. F. Nascimento, J. Locatelli, P. C. Freitas, G. L. Silva.“Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria.” Braz. J. Microbiol. Vol. 31, pp. 247-256, 2000.
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2016-02-08
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Keshebo, D. L., P. Washe, A., & Alemu, F. (2016). Determination of Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Selected Medicinal Plants. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 16(1), 212–222. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/948
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