Recent Development and Intervention on the Parasitological Study of Toxoplasma Gondii
Keywords:
Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, epidemiological surveillance, genotyping, CRISPR/Cas9, molecular diagnostics, organoid models, 3D culture, oxidative stress, microbiome, intervention strategies, parasite virulenceAbstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally prevalent protozoan parasite and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a disease of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the parasitological study of T. gondii. This study highlights advances in epidemiological surveillance, molecular diagnostics, and intervention strategies. The genetic diversity and virulence of T. gondii strains have been clarified through modern genotyping techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and whole-genome sequencing, leading to improved classification and understanding of transmission dynamics. The application of genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, has enabled precise identification of genes critical for parasite survival and pathogenicity, particularly in response to host-derived oxidative stress. The emergence of organoid and three-dimensional (3D) culture models has bridged the gap between traditional in vitro and in vivo studies, providing physiologically relevant systems to investigate host-parasite interactions. Despite these advances, challenges remain in global genotyping, therapeutic development, and chronic infection management.
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