Assessment of Dairy Feeds for Heavy Metals
Keywords:
Heavy metals, dairy feed, concentrations, contaminants.Abstract
Heavy metals are by definition metals having densities higher than 5 g mL?1, for example, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Zn, and Mn. Heavy metals can be classified into four major groups on their health importance: essential, non-essential, less toxic and highly toxic heavy metals. Approximately fifty three of the ninety naturally occurring elements are called heavy metals and many of these, such as Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn, are essential micronutrients, but can become toxic at concentrations higher than the amount required for normal growth. Other heavy metals, such as Cd, Hg, and Pb, have so far unknown roles in living organisms, and are toxic even at very low concentrations. Zinc and Cu are essential trace minerals required for many biological processes, particularly enzyme functions, and they have a positive in?uence on livestock growth and reproduction. Due to the low Zn and Cu content in some homegrown feeds compared with recommendations and varying bioavailability, supplementation of these metals is necessary for most livestock species, and they are commonly added to dairy rations as mineral supplements. When these nutrients are added above requirements, however, the dairy cow may restrict undesired accumulation of Zn and Cu in tissues by adaptation of absorption and excretion leading to an increase in the Zn and Cu content of manure. In addition to Zn and Cu, heavy metals such as Cr, As, Cd, and Pb are generally considered contaminants of dairy feed that are imported into the ration involuntarily, generally via phosphate-containing concentrates and supplements. Most work concerning heavy metals in animal feed has focused on pig and poultry production where it is common practice to add Cu and Zn at rates much higher than animal requirements. Very little is known about the heavy metal concentration of dairy feeds and feed components. Typical concentrations of Cu and Zn have been published in the United States and Europe, but only a few studies have reported concentrations of contaminant heavy metals (e.g., Pb and Cd), which are of more concern for animal and human health
References
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[45] Smith, R. M. 1986. Effects of long-term, low-level oral cadmium on performance, blood parameters, and tissue and milk mineral concentrations of dairy cattle through ?rst gestation and subsequent lactation. Ph.D. Diss., Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
[46] Sommers L.E., 1977. Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges and Analysis of Their Potential Use as Fertilizers. J. Environ. Qual. 6, 225.
[47] Sorentino, C. (1979). The effect of heavy metals on phytoplankton ? a review. Phykos. 18: 149?161.
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[50] Wei Li, 2011. Trace Heavy Metal Analysis in Animal Feed by ICP-MS, Office of the Texas State Chemist.
[51] WHO (1987): Air quality guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23. World Health Organization officer for Europe, Copenhagen.
[52] Wilkinson J. M., Hill J., Phillips C. J. C., 2003. The Accumulation of Potentially-Toxic Metals by Grazing Ruminants, Proc. the Nutr. Soc. 62, 267.
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[56] Zantopoulos N, Antoniou V, Nikolaidis E (1999). Copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in sheep grazing in North Greece. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 62: 691-699.
[57] Zarcinas B. A., Chefauziah I., Mclaughlin M.J., Cozens G., 2004. Heavy Metals in Soils and Crops in Southeast Asia. 1. Peninsular Malaysia. Environ. Geochem.Hlth. 26, 343
[2] Aitken M.N., 1997. Short Term Leaf Surface Adhesion of Heavy Metals Following Application of Sewage Sludge to Grassland. Grass and Forage Sci. 52, 73
[3] Aldrich, A. P., D. Kistler, and L. Sigg. 2002. Speciation of Cu and Zn in drainage water from agricultural soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 36:4824–4830.
[4] Alloway, B. J. 1995. Soil processes and the behavior ofmetals. Pages 11–37 inHeavyMetals in Soils. 2nd ed. B. J. Alloway, ed.Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
[5] Alonso,M. L., F. P.Montana,M.Miranda, C. Castillo, J.Hernandez, and J. L. Benedito. 2003. Cadmium and lead accumulation in cattle in NW Spain. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 45:128–130.
[6] Anastasio, A., Caggiano, R., Macciato M., Paolo, C., Ragosta, M., Paino, S. and Cortesi, M. L. 2006. Heavy metal concentrations in dairy products from sheep milk collected in two regions of southern Italy, ActaVeterinariaScandinavica 47: 69-74.
[7] ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (2000). Toxicological profile for arsenic U.S. Department of health and human service, Public Health Service, A-5
[8] Ayar, A, Sert, D. and Akin, N. 2009. The trace metal levels in milk and dairy products consumed in middle Anatolia Turkey, Environmental Monitoring Assessment 152: 1-12.
[9] Bakircioglu, D., Bakircioglu-Kurtulus, Y. and Ucar, G. 2011. Determination of some traces metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry, wet and microwave digestion. Food and Chemistry Toxicology 49 (1): 202-207.
[10] Birch, L. D., G. Geiger, H. Brandl, G. Furrer, and R. Schulin. 1995. The in?uence of heavy metals on the microbial decomposition of organic substances. Bodenkundl. Ges. Schweiz. Dokument 6:13–17.
[11] Blaser P., Zimmermann S., 1993. Determining Inorganic Contaminants in Soil. In R. Schulin et al. (Ed.) Soil Monitoring: Early Detection and Surveying of Soil Contamination and Degradation. BirkhauserVerlag, Berlin.201.
[12] Brown, G. E., and G. A. Parks. 2001. Sorption of trace elements on mineral surfaces: Modern perspectives from spectroscopic studies, and comments on sorption in the marine environment. Int. Geol. Rev. 43:963–1073.
[13] Buldini, P. L, Cavalli, S. and Sharana, J. L. 2002. Matrix removal for the ion chromatographic determination of some trace elements in milk. MicrochemicalJournal 72: 277-284.
[14] Chaney, R. L. 1990. 20 years of land application research. Biocycle 31:54–59.
[15] Davis U.C., Case Study: Elemental Toxicity in Animals, UC Davis ChemWiki, University of California, Available at Website: www.google.co m (2010).
[16] De matos A. T., Fontes M. P. F., Da costa L. M., Martinez M. A., 2001. Mobility of Heavy Metals As Related to Soil Chemical and Mineralogical Characteristics of Brazilian Soils. Environm. Pollut. 111, 429.
[17] European Commission. 2003a. Opinion of the scienti?c committee on animal nutrition on the use of zinc in feedstuffs. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Brussels, Belgium.
[18] European Commission. 2003b. Opinion of the scienti?c committee on animal nutrition on the use of copper in feedstuffs. European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Brussels, Belgium.
[19] European Commission. 2003c. Opinion of the scienti?c committee on animal nutrition on undesirable substances in feed.European Commission, Health and Consumer Protection Directorate, Brussels, Belgium.
[20] Georgieva, S. S., S. P. McGrath, D. J. Hooper, and B. S. Chambers. 2002. Nematode communities under stress: The long-term effects of heavy metals in soil treated with sewage sludge. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., Appl. Soil Ecol. 20:27–42.
[21] Herawati, N., Susuki, S., Hayashi, K., Rivai, I.F. and Koyama, H. (2000): Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 64: 33-39.
[22] Jarup, L. (2003): British Medical Bulletin. 68: 167-182.
[23] Jarup, L., Bergluud, M. and Elinder, C.G. (1998): Scandian Journal of Work Environmental Health. 24: 1-51.
[24] Koh, T. S., P. C. Bansemer, and A. B. Frensham. 1998. A survey of the cadmium concentration in kidney, liver and muscle of South Australian cattle. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 38:535–540.
[25] Krishnamurti, C.R. (1987): The cycling of arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in India. In: Lead, mercury, cadmium and arsenic in the environmental. (Eds: C. Hutchinson and K.M. Meema).SCOPE31, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 315-333.
[26] Li, Y., McCrory, D.F., Powel, J. M. Saam, H, and Jackson Smith, D. 2005. A survey of selected heavy metal concentrations in Wisconsin Dairy Feeds. Journal Dairy Science 88: 2911-2922.
[27] Lo´pez-mosquera M.E., Moiron C., Carral E., 2000. Use of Dairy-Industry Sludge AsFertiliser for Grasslands inNorthwest Spain: Heavy Metal Levels in the Soil and Plants. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 30, 95
[28] Marschner H., 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Plants. Academic Press, London.
[29] Martin M.H., Coughtrey P.J., 1982. Biological Monitoringof Heavy Metal Pollution. Applied Science Publishers, London.
[30] McBride, M. B. 2001. Cupric ion activity in peat soil as a toxicity indicator for maize. J. Environ. Qual. 30:78–84.
[31] McBride, M. B., and G. Spiers. 2001. Trace element content of selected fertilizers and dairy manures as determined by ICP-MS. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32:139–156.
[32] McLaughlin, M.J., Parker, D.R. and Clarke, J.M.(1999): Field Crop Research. 60: 143-163.
[33] Nicholson F., Chambers B., Alloway B., Hirda., Smith S., Carlton-smith C., 1998. An Inventory of Heavy Metal Inputs to Agricultural Soils in England and Wales. In Proc. of the 16th World Congress of Soil Science. Montpellier, France.
[34] Nicholson, F. A., B. J. Chambers, J. R. Williams, and R. J. Unwin. 1999. Heavy metal contents of livestock feeds and animal manures in England and Wales. Bioresour. Technol. 70:23–31.
[35] Nicholson, F. A., S. R. Smith, B. J. Alloway, C. Carlton-Smith, and B. J. Chambers. 2003. An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales. Sci. Total Environment.311:205–219.
[36] Nies, D.H. (1999). Microbial Japan heavy metal resistance. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 51: 730?750.
[37] NRC. 1980. Mineral Tolerance of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
[38] NRC. 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
[39] Olson, W. G., N. Auza, M. Schmitt, H. Chester-Jones, J. G. Linn, and M. J. Murphy. 2002b. Survey of heavy metals in Minnesota Holstein dairy cattle: Soil, feed and liver concentrations. Pages 77–78 in Proc. Minnesota Dairy Days 2002, Univ. Minnesota St. Paul.
[40] Qin, L. Q., Wang, X. P., Li, W., Tong, X. and Tong, W. J. 2009. The minerals and heavy metals in cow’s milk from China and. Journal Health Science 55(2): 300-305.
[41] Reeves, R.D. and Baker A.J.M. (2000): Metal accumulation plants. In: Phytoremediation of toxic metals: Using plant to clean up the environment. (Ed: I. Raskin and B.D. Ensely). John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Torento, Canada. pp - 193-229.
[42] Schwarz, T., A. Busch, and R. Lenk. 1991. First studies on lead, cadmium and arsenic contents of feed, cattle and food of animal origin coming from different farms in Saxonia. Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. 98:369–372.
[43] Singh MR, 2007. Impurities-heavy metals: IR perspective. 2007. [Last cited on 2009 Aug 10]. Available from: http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/ meetings/as Meeting India/ 2008Session 4 track 1.pdf . Heavy Metal Toxicity
[44] Smith, C.J., Hopmans, P. and Cook, F.J. (1996): Environmental Pollution. 94: 317-323.
[45] Smith, R. M. 1986. Effects of long-term, low-level oral cadmium on performance, blood parameters, and tissue and milk mineral concentrations of dairy cattle through ?rst gestation and subsequent lactation. Ph.D. Diss., Pennsylvania State University, University Park.
[46] Sommers L.E., 1977. Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges and Analysis of Their Potential Use as Fertilizers. J. Environ. Qual. 6, 225.
[47] Sorentino, C. (1979). The effect of heavy metals on phytoplankton ? a review. Phykos. 18: 149?161.
[48] Swarup D, Patra RC, Naresh R, Kumar P, Shekhar P. <http://www .ncbi .nlm.nih. gov/entrez / (2005). Science of the Total Environment. 15(1-3): 67-71
[49] Weast, R.C. (1984). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 64th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
[50] Wei Li, 2011. Trace Heavy Metal Analysis in Animal Feed by ICP-MS, Office of the Texas State Chemist.
[51] WHO (1987): Air quality guidelines for Europe. WHO Regional Publications, European Series No. 23. World Health Organization officer for Europe, Copenhagen.
[52] Wilkinson J. M., Hill J., Phillips C. J. C., 2003. The Accumulation of Potentially-Toxic Metals by Grazing Ruminants, Proc. the Nutr. Soc. 62, 267.
[53] Wood, J.M. (1974). Biological cycles for toxic elements in the environment. Science. 183: 1049?1052.
[54] World Health Organization (WHO). 1993. Cadmium. Environmental Health Criteria 144. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland.
[55] Wu, M.M., Kuo, T .L., Huang Y.H. and Chen C.J. (1989): American Journal of Epidermology. 130: 1123-1132.
[56] Zantopoulos N, Antoniou V, Nikolaidis E (1999). Copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead in sheep grazing in North Greece. Bull. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 62: 691-699.
[57] Zarcinas B. A., Chefauziah I., Mclaughlin M.J., Cozens G., 2004. Heavy Metals in Soils and Crops in Southeast Asia. 1. Peninsular Malaysia. Environ. Geochem.Hlth. 26, 343
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2015-01-23
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Anjulo, T. K., & Mersso, B. T. (2015). Assessment of Dairy Feeds for Heavy Metals. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 11(1), 20–31. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/541
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