A Comparison of Performances of Conventional Tillage Implements Versus Namibia Specific Conservation Tillage Implements under Ogongo, Namibia Conditions
Keywords:
Namibia, Namibia specific conservation tillage, ripper furrower, Implement performance, comparison, tractors, animals, draught force, specific draught, efficiency, effective field capacity.Abstract
Studies were conducted over a period of three years (2011 to 2013) at the Ogongo Campus of the University of Namibia (UNAM), to compare the differences between two conventional tillage (CV) treatments (i.e. tractor-drawn disc harrow (TDH) and animal-drawn mouldboard plough (AMP) and two Namibia Specific Conservation Tillage (NSCT) treatments (tractor-drawn ripper furrower (TRF) and animal-drawn ripper furrower (ARF). The objective was to test and compare the field performances of two implements each for the NSCT and CV technologies on (i) depth of cut, (ii) width of cut, (iii) draught of the power source (iv) efficiency and (v) effective field capacity under Ogongo conditions. The research design was a randomised complete block design. Results showed that the NSCT technologies (TRF and ARF) performed better in terms of the depths of cut than CV technologies (TDH and AMP) in all the three years but the NSCT technologies also resulted in higher draught forces than the contemporary CV technologies. The specific draught of NSCT technologies were however less across the three seasons showing that they were more energy efficient than CV technologies. Tractor drawn tillage methods resulted in lower specific draught than animal-drawn tillage methods across the three years. None of the tractor-drawn implements in the study met the ASAE Standards of Efficiency (70-90%) with the TDH achieving field efficiencies of 44% (short by 16%) and TRF achieving 62% (short by 8%). Across the three years, the effective field capacities for tractor-drawn tillage methods were: TDH = 0.68 ha hr-1, TRF = 0.74 ha hr-1.
For animal-drawn tillage methods, the effective field capacities for AMP = 0.03 ha hr-1 and for ARF = 0.15 ha hr-1. Overall the field performances of NSCT implements were better than those of CV implements and farmers should be encouraged to choose NSCT methods.
References
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[10] G. Gebresenbet, “Measurement and prediction of forces on plough bodies. Measurement of forces and soil dynamic parameters”. Proceedings of 11th International Congress on Agricultural Engineering, Dublin, 1989, Vol.3, 1539-1546, 1989.
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[14] L. Naderloo., R., Alimadani, A., Akram, P., Javadikia and H. Zeinali Khanghah, “Tillage depth and forward speed effects on draft of three primary tillage implements in clay loam soil”. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment Vol.7 (3 & 4), 382- 385, 2009.
[15] O. M., Olatunji, and R.M. Davies, “Effect of Weight and Draught on the Performance of Disc on Sandy-loam Soil “. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 1 (1): 22 – 26, 2009.
[16] D.S., Shrestha, G., Singh, and Gebresenbet, G. “Optimizing design parameters on a mouldboard plough”. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 78(4), 377-389, 2001.
[17] A.A., Al-Janobi, M.H., Kabeel and A.M. Aboukarima, “Evaluation of three mathematical models predicting horizontal and vertical forces of chisel tools”. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering. 17(2), 412-431, 2000.
[18] K., Chandon, and R.L. Kushwaha, “Soil Forces and Shank Vibration on Deep Tillage”, ASAE Annual International Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2002.
[19] Y., Chen, and S. Tessier, “Design of a spring-loaded down force system for a no till seed opener “. Canadian Bio systems Engineering, Vol 45, 29-35, 2003.
[20] L., Arvidsson, T., Keller, and K. Gustafson, “Specific draught for mouldboard plough, chisel plough and disc harrow at different water contents”. Soil & Tillage Research 79, 221-231, 2004.
[21] K. Shoji, “Forces on a model spot plough”. Biosystems Engineering 87(1), 39- 45, 2004.
[22] N.B., McLaughlin, and A.J. Campbell, “Draft-speed-depth relationships for four liquid manure injectors in a fine sandy loam soil”. Canadian Bio systems Engineering, 46, 2.1-2.5, 2004.
[23] E., Mamman, and K. Oni, “Draught Performance of a Range of Model Chisel Furrowers”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR E-journal. Manuscript PM 05 003, 2005.
[24] J. M., Serrano, and J. O Peça. “The forward speed effect on draught force required to pull trailed disc harrows”. ICAM. Rural Engineering Department. University of Évora. 7002.554 Évora. Portugal. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2008 6(2), 182-188.: www.inia.es/sjar ISSN: 1695.971.X, 2008. [12 January 2013]
[25] R. Alimardani Z., Fazel A., Akram A., Mahmoudi and M.G. Varnamkhasti, “Design and development of a three-point hitch dynamometer”. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 4, 37–52, 2008.
[26] S.A. Al-Suhaibani, A.A., Al-Janobi and Y.N Al-Majhadi, “Development and Evaluation of Tractors and Tillage, Implements Instrumentation System”. Department of Agricultural Engineering, Collage of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia, 2010.
[27] S.A., Al-Suhaibani, and A.E., Ghaly, “Effect of Ploughing Depth of Tillage and Forward Speed on the Performance of a Medium Size Chisel Plow Operating in a Sandy Soil”. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 5 (3), 247-255, 2010.
[28] A.O. Adewoyin, “Fuel Consumption Evaluation of Some Commonly Used Farm Tractors for Ploughing Operations on the Sandy-loam soil of Oyo State, Nigeria”. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 6(15): 2865-2871, 2013.
[29] A., Moeenifar, S. R., Mousavi-Seyedi, and D. Kalantari, “Influence of tillage depth, penetration angle and forward speed on the soil/thin-blade interaction force”. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 16(1), 69?74, 2014.
[30] A., Khaffaf, and A. Khadr, “Effect Of Some Primary Tillage Implement On Soil Pulverization And Specific Energy”. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 25(3), 731.745. (2008).
[31] S. I., Manuwa, and O. C. Ademosun, “Draught and Soil Disturbance of Model Tillage Tines Under Varying Soil Parameters”. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR E-journal. Manuscript PM 06 016. Vol. IX, 2007.
[32] J., Arvidsson, and O. Hillerstrom, “Specific Draught, Soil Fragmentation and Straw Incorporation for Different Tine and Share Types”. Soil and Tillage Research, 110, 154 –160. DOI: 10.1016/J.Still.2010.07.003, 2010.
[33] A. Lands, “Agricultural Machinery Management”. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The University of Arizona. http://cals.arizona.edu/crops/equipment/agmachinerymgt.html, 2002. [17 July 2013]
[34] ASAE, ASAE D497.4 FEB03 standard, “Agricultural Machinery Management Data”. American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, Michigan, USA, 2003.
[35] ASABE, ASAE D497.5 Standards, “Agricultural machinery management data”. Available at and www.asabe.org. (2006).
[36] F. Buckingham, “Fundamentals of Machine Operation. Deere and Company Service Training Dept. 1984.
[37] T.E., Simalenga, A., Belete, N.A., Mzeleni, and L.L. Jongisa, “Profitability of using animal traction under smallholder farming conditions in Eastern Cape, South Africa”. In: Kaumbutho P G, Pearson R A and Simalenga T E (eds), 2000. Empowering Farmers with Animal Traction. Proceedings of the workshop of the Animal Traction Network for Eastern and Southern Africa (ATNESA) held 20.24 September 1999, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 344p. ISBN 0.907146.10.4, 2000.
[38] C. Bishop-Sambrook, “Contribution of farm power to smallholder livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa”. Agricultural and Food Engineering Technical Report 2 – FAO – Rome, 2005.
[39] P. Vozka, “Comparison of Alternative Tillage Systems”. MSc by Research thesis. Cranfield University, 2007.
[40] V. P., Narayanarao and R. S. Verma, “Performance of tractor mounted oscillating soil working tool”. Journal of Agricultural Machinery in Asia, Africa and Latin America 13(2), 11-12, 1982.
[41] I. E., Ahaneku, O. A., Oyelade, and T. Faleye, “Comparative Field Evaluation of Three Models of a Tractor”. Published in the proceedings Nigerian Branch of the International Soil Tillage Research Organization (ISTRO) held at the University Auditorium, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. pp. 90- 99, 2011.
[42] RNAM, “Test codes and Procedures for Farm Machinery. Technical Series No. 12. General Guidelines in the use of Test Codes. Regional Network for Agricultural Machinery, 1995.
[43] SAS Institute Inc. Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual SAS® Users Group International Conference. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. USA. ISBN 1-59047-175-X, 2003.
[44] R. C., Littell, G. A., Milliken, W. W., Stroup, and R. D. Wolfinger, SAS system for mixed models. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, 1996.
[45] SAS Institute, Inc. SAS/STAT user’s guide, version 8 (Vol. 2).Cary NC: SAS Institute, Inc, 1999.
[46] E.M. Nengomasha, “The donkey (Equus asinus) as a draught animal in smallholder farming areas of the semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe”. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1997.
[47] D.H., O'Neill, and D.E. Kemp, “A comparison of work outputs of draught oxen”. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 43, 33-44, 1989.
[48] P.R., Lawrence, and R.A. Pearson, “Factors affecting the measurement of draught force, work output and power of oxen”. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 105, 703 – 714, 1985.
[49] R. A., Pearson, P. R Lawrence and G. Ghimire, “Factors influencing the work done by draught oxen: a study in the eastern hills of Nepal”. Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Edinburgh, UK (Paper submitted to Animal Production), 1989.
[50] P.H. Starkey, “Genetic requirements for draught cattle: experience in Africa”. pp 109-114 in: J. W. Copland (ed), Draught animal power for production. Proc. international workshop held at James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia 10.16 July 1985. ACIAR Proceedings Series 10, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra. 170p. (E), 1985.
[51] C. Saunders, “Optimising the performance of shallow high speed mouldboard ploughs”. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Cranfield University, Silsoe, 2002.
[52] Y., Abbaspour-Gilandeh, A., Khalilian, R., Alimardani, A., Keyhani, and S.H. Sadati, “Energy requirement of site-specific and Conventional tillage as affected by tractor speed and soil parameters”. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology. 8, 499–503, 2006.
[53] J., Arvidsson, and O. Hillerstrom, “Specific Draught, Soil Fragmentation and Straw Incorporation for Different Tine and Share Types”. Soil and Tillage Research, 110, 154 –160. DOI: 10.1016/J.Still.2010.07.003, 2010.
[54] A. A Al-Janobi and A .M. Eldin, “Development of a Soil-Bin Test Facility for Soil”. Tillage Tool Interaction Studies, Research Bulletin, 72, 5 – 26, 1997.
[55] M.E., Monzon, B., Biasi, T.L Simpson, J., Johnson, X., Feng, D.C., Slaughter, and E.J. Mitchama “Effect of radio frequency heating as a potential quarantine treatment on the quality of ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit and mortality of codling moth larvae Postharvest “. Biology and Technology 40, 197–203, 2006.
[56] W. E. Edwards, “Estimating Farm Machinery Costs, Iowa State University. University Extension. Available from: http://www.iastste.edu. (2001). [29 June 2013].
[57] E. K Makki,.and S. A. Manzool, “Relationship between management and field performance of draught animals used for land preparation”. An example from South Kordofan State, Sudan. Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science (ISSN: 2315.5094) Vol. 2(3) pp. 080-087, February, 2013 Available online http://garj.org/garjas/index.htm. Copyright © 2013 Global Advanced Research Journals, 2013.
[58] J. Chigariro, E, R. Sheehama, and W. Chiremba, “Booklet on The Basic Economics of Draught Animal Power Use in Crop Production; includes HIV/AIDS, Gender and Environmental Issues”. Published by Draught Animal Power Acceleration Programme 2, (DAPAP2), Agronomic Board of Namibia. March 2008. Windhoek. Namibia, 2008.
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2018-03-24
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Mudamburi, B., Ogunmokun, A. A., & Lutaaya, E. (2018). A Comparison of Performances of Conventional Tillage Implements Versus Namibia Specific Conservation Tillage Implements under Ogongo, Namibia Conditions. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 41(1), 181–199. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/3976
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