Relative Planting Dates Effect on the Agronomic Performance of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L) in an Intercrop System
Keywords:
Groundnut, inter-cropping, Maize, Planting dates.Abstract
A Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different planting dates on the yield and yield components of maize and groundnut in an intercropping system. The experiment was laid in a Randomized complete block design with four replications. The Experimental treatments were: Sole maize; Sole groundnut; Maize, one row groundnut, 0 WAP maize; Maize, one row groundnut, 1 WAP maize; and Maize, one row groundnut, 2 WAP maize. Data collected during the experiment were: Plant height, growth rate, Chlorophyll content, leaf area index, Days to 50% tasseling (maize), Days to silking (maize), Days to 50% flowering (groundnut), Plant height, Pod number (groundnut), Maize grain yield, total Stover biomass yield, total haulm biomass yield and harvest Index. Dry matter yield was significantly different (P<0.05) among treatments at all the stages of growth in both groundnut and maize. Grain yield showed significant differences (P<0.05) among all treatments except for the one row of groundnut intercropped two weeks after sowing maize and the sole maize. The study showed that where groundnut is considered the major crop then the one row of groundnut sown at the same time with the maize should be adopted. Also, were maize is the interest crop, then the one row of maize with two rows of groundnut at 2WAP maize would be ideal. Finally, where the farmer wants to maximize the use of the land for both crops equally, then the one row of groundnut intercropped at the same time with maize is the best system.
References
[1] Ati, O.F. Stigter, C.J. Oladipo, E.O. (2002). “A comparism of methods to determine the o9nset of the growing season in northern Nigerai” Int. J. Climatol., 22:731-742.
[2] Makarau, A. (1995), intra-seasonal Oscillatory mode of the southern Africa circulation: PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
[3] Kumaga, F.K. Ofori, K. and Coblavi, C.S.F. (2002). Effect of time of planting on growth, flowering and seed yield of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc.). in Begemann F., I. Mukema and E. Obed – Lawson, (eds) 2002. Pp 60 – 65.
[4] Fisher, M.N. (1979) Studies in mixed cropping (3). Further results with maize/ bean mixtures. Expl. Agric. 15: 112 – 114.
[5] Frimpong, A. (2002). Production guide on groundnut and bambara groundnut. (eds: Clottey, V.A. Alhassan, A.Y. Asante, S.K. and Owusu, R.K.) SARI, Ghana. Pp 1-11
[6] Giller, K. E. (2001). Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems, 2nd edn. Wallingford, UK
[7] Sanginga, N. Okogun, J. A., Vanlauwe, B., Diels, J., Carsky, R. J. and Dashiell, K. (2001). Nitrogen contribution of promiscuous soybeans in maize-based cropping systems. In Sustaining Soil Fertility in West Africa.157–178.
[8] Tweneboah, C.K. (2000). Modern agriculture in the tropics. Food Crops. Co. wood publishers. Pp 37-191.
[9] Beats, W.C. (1990). Raising and Sustaining Productivity of Smallholder Systems in the Tropics: A Handbook of Sustainable Agricultural Development. Netherlands.
[10] Snaydon, R.W. and Harris, P.M. (1979). Interactions below ground-the use of nutrients and water. Proceedings of the International Work Shop on Intercropping, ICRISAT, pp: 181-201.
[11] Fawusi, (1985). Influence of spatial arrangements on the growth, fruit and grain yields and yield components of intercropped maize and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Fld Crops Res., 11: 345-352
[12] Vesterager, J.M.,. Nielsen N.E and Hogh-Jensen, H. (2008). Effects of cropping history and phosphorus source on yield and nitrogen fixation in sole and intercropped cowpea-maize systems. Nutrient Cycling Agro-ecosystems, 80: 61-73.
[13] Inal, A. Gunes, A. Zhang, F. Cakmak I (2007) Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots. Plant Physiol Biochem Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 06110 Ankara, Turkey. 45(5):350-6
[14] Dimitrios, B., P. Panayiota, K. Aristidis, P. Sotiria, K. Anestis, and E. Aspasia, (2010). Weed-suppressive effects of maize-legume intercropping in organic farming. Int. J. Pest Manage., 56: 173-181.
[15] Makindea, E.A. Ayoolab, O.T and. Makindec, E.A (2009). Intercropping leafy greens and maize on weed infestation, crop development and yield. Int. J. Vegetable Sci., 15: 402-411.
[16] Lynam, J.K. Sanders, J.H. and Mason, S.C. (1986). Economics and Risk in Multiple Cropping. In: Multiple Cropping Systems, Francis, C.A. (Ed.). Macmillan, pp: 250-266.
[17] Thwala M.G. and. Ossom E.M. (2004). Legume-maize association influences crop characteristics and yields. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland.
[18] Li, L. Sun, J. Zhang, F. Li, X. Yang, S. and Rengel, Z. (2001).Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping: I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients Field Crops Research. Vol71, Pages 123-137
[19] Agboola, A.A. and Fayemi, A.A. (1972). Effects of soil management on corn yield. Agronomy Journal 64: Pp 641 – 644.
[20] Wahua, T.A.T. (1983) Nutrient uptake by intercropped maize, cowpea, and a concept of nutrient supplementation index. Experimental Agric. 19: Pp 263-275
[21] Ahmad, S. and M.R. Rao, (1981). Performance of maize-soybean intercrop combination in the tropics: Field Crops Res., 5: 147-161.
[22] Mongi, H.O. Uriyo, A.P. Sudi, Y.A. and. Singh, B.R. (1976). An Appraisal of Some Intercropping Methods in Terms of Grain Yield, Response to Applied Phosphorus and Monetary Return from Maize and Cowpeas. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 42(1): 66-70.
[23] Willey R. W. and Osiru D. S. O. (1972). Studies on mixtures of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population Cambridge University Press The Journal of Agricultural Science, 79:517-529
[24] Dagnew, G. (1981). Effect of Intercropping on Yield, Yield Components and Relative Yield Totals of the Associated Maize and Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. M.Sc Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
[25] Misbahulmunir, M.Y., Sammons, D.J. and Weil, P.R. (1989). Corn-peanut intercrop performance in relation to component crop relative planting dates. Agronomy Journal 81:184-189.
[26] Food and Agriculture Organization Report (1990). UNESCO: Rome.
[28] Stirling, C.M. Williams, J.H. Black, C.R. Ong, C.K. (1990). The effect of timing of shade on development, dry matter production and light use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under field conditions, J. Agric. Res. (Australian) 41: 633-644.
[29] Williams, J.H. (2000). The implications and applications of resource capture concepts to crop improvement by plant breeding. Agric. For. Meteorol. 104: 49-58.
[30] Saxena, N.P. Natarajan,M. and Reddy, M.S. (1983) Chickpea, Pigeon pea and groundnut. In: IRRI(ed) Potential productivity of field crops under different environments IRRI, Los Banos, Phillippines. Pp 281-305.
[31] Almeida, M.L., De, Sangoi, L.(1996). Aumento da densidade de plantas de milhopararegiões de curtaestaçãoestival de crescimento.PesquisaAgropecuáriaGaúcha, Porto Alegre, v.2, n.2, p.179-183.
[32] Wiyo,K.A. Kasmekera, Z.M. and Fe yen, J. (1999). Variability in ridge and furrow size and shape and maize population density on small subsistence farms in Malawi. Soil and Tillage, 51(1-2): 113-119
[33] Karunatilake, U. van Es, H.M. and Schindelbeck, R.R. (2000). Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York. Soil and Tillage Res. 55(1-2): 31-42.
[34] Ofori, F. and Stern, W.R. (1987).Cereal-legume intercropping advantages. Agronomy Journal 64: Pp 41-90.
[35] Russell, J. T. Caldwell, R. M. (1989). Effect of component densities and nitrogen fertilization on efficiency and yield of maize/soybean intercrop. Experimental Agriculture, v. 25, p. 529-540.
[36] Searle, PG, Comudon, E.Y, Shedden, D.C, Nance, R.A (1981). Effects of maize and legume intercropping systems and fertilizer nitrogen on crop yields and residual nitrogen. Field Crops Res., 4: 133-145.
[37] Clement A, Chalifour FP, Bharati, M.P. Gendron G (1992). Effects of nitrogen supply and spatial arrangement on the grain yield of a maize / soybean intercrop in a humid subtropical climate. Journal of Plant Science (Canadian) 72: 57 – 67.
[38] Rerkasem, K. and Rerkasem, B., (1998). Yields and nitrogen nutrition of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and rice bean (Vigna umbellta (Thumb.) Ohwi and Onashi). Plant Soil 108, pp. 151–162.
[39] Rhoda, E.I. (1989). Growth, yield and yield components of soybean as influenced by sowing dates and plant populations. MSc. Thesis. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 65 pp.
[40] Kowal, J.M. and Kassam, A.H. (1970). Agricultural Zoology of the Savanna. A Study of West Africa Oxford England, Clarendon Press pp. 282.
[42] Forcella, F. Westgate, M. E. Warnes, D. D. (1992).Effect of row width on herbicide and cultivation requirements in row crops. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, p. 161-167,
[43] Reddy, M.S. and Willey, R.W. (1980).Growth and resource use studies in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).
[44] Francis, C.A. (1990). Biological sciences in multiple-cropping systems. Adv Agon. 42: 1-15.
[45] Francis, O. and Stern, W.R. (1987). Relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop system. Experimental Agriculture 23:41-52
[46] Willey, R.W. (1979). Intercropping, its importance and research needs. Part I competition and yield advantages. Field Crop Research Abstracts 32: Pp 1 – 10.
[47] Altieri, M.A. and Liebman, M. (1986). Insect Weed and Plant Disease Management in Multiple Cropping systems. In: Multiple cropping systems, France CA (Ed).
[2] Makarau, A. (1995), intra-seasonal Oscillatory mode of the southern Africa circulation: PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
[3] Kumaga, F.K. Ofori, K. and Coblavi, C.S.F. (2002). Effect of time of planting on growth, flowering and seed yield of bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranean (L) Verdc.). in Begemann F., I. Mukema and E. Obed – Lawson, (eds) 2002. Pp 60 – 65.
[4] Fisher, M.N. (1979) Studies in mixed cropping (3). Further results with maize/ bean mixtures. Expl. Agric. 15: 112 – 114.
[5] Frimpong, A. (2002). Production guide on groundnut and bambara groundnut. (eds: Clottey, V.A. Alhassan, A.Y. Asante, S.K. and Owusu, R.K.) SARI, Ghana. Pp 1-11
[6] Giller, K. E. (2001). Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems, 2nd edn. Wallingford, UK
[7] Sanginga, N. Okogun, J. A., Vanlauwe, B., Diels, J., Carsky, R. J. and Dashiell, K. (2001). Nitrogen contribution of promiscuous soybeans in maize-based cropping systems. In Sustaining Soil Fertility in West Africa.157–178.
[8] Tweneboah, C.K. (2000). Modern agriculture in the tropics. Food Crops. Co. wood publishers. Pp 37-191.
[9] Beats, W.C. (1990). Raising and Sustaining Productivity of Smallholder Systems in the Tropics: A Handbook of Sustainable Agricultural Development. Netherlands.
[10] Snaydon, R.W. and Harris, P.M. (1979). Interactions below ground-the use of nutrients and water. Proceedings of the International Work Shop on Intercropping, ICRISAT, pp: 181-201.
[11] Fawusi, (1985). Influence of spatial arrangements on the growth, fruit and grain yields and yield components of intercropped maize and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). Fld Crops Res., 11: 345-352
[12] Vesterager, J.M.,. Nielsen N.E and Hogh-Jensen, H. (2008). Effects of cropping history and phosphorus source on yield and nitrogen fixation in sole and intercropped cowpea-maize systems. Nutrient Cycling Agro-ecosystems, 80: 61-73.
[13] Inal, A. Gunes, A. Zhang, F. Cakmak I (2007) Peanut/maize intercropping induced changes in rhizosphere and nutrient concentrations in shoots. Plant Physiol Biochem Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 06110 Ankara, Turkey. 45(5):350-6
[14] Dimitrios, B., P. Panayiota, K. Aristidis, P. Sotiria, K. Anestis, and E. Aspasia, (2010). Weed-suppressive effects of maize-legume intercropping in organic farming. Int. J. Pest Manage., 56: 173-181.
[15] Makindea, E.A. Ayoolab, O.T and. Makindec, E.A (2009). Intercropping leafy greens and maize on weed infestation, crop development and yield. Int. J. Vegetable Sci., 15: 402-411.
[16] Lynam, J.K. Sanders, J.H. and Mason, S.C. (1986). Economics and Risk in Multiple Cropping. In: Multiple Cropping Systems, Francis, C.A. (Ed.). Macmillan, pp: 250-266.
[17] Thwala M.G. and. Ossom E.M. (2004). Legume-maize association influences crop characteristics and yields. Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Swaziland.
[18] Li, L. Sun, J. Zhang, F. Li, X. Yang, S. and Rengel, Z. (2001).Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping: I. Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients Field Crops Research. Vol71, Pages 123-137
[19] Agboola, A.A. and Fayemi, A.A. (1972). Effects of soil management on corn yield. Agronomy Journal 64: Pp 641 – 644.
[20] Wahua, T.A.T. (1983) Nutrient uptake by intercropped maize, cowpea, and a concept of nutrient supplementation index. Experimental Agric. 19: Pp 263-275
[21] Ahmad, S. and M.R. Rao, (1981). Performance of maize-soybean intercrop combination in the tropics: Field Crops Res., 5: 147-161.
[22] Mongi, H.O. Uriyo, A.P. Sudi, Y.A. and. Singh, B.R. (1976). An Appraisal of Some Intercropping Methods in Terms of Grain Yield, Response to Applied Phosphorus and Monetary Return from Maize and Cowpeas. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal. 42(1): 66-70.
[23] Willey R. W. and Osiru D. S. O. (1972). Studies on mixtures of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with particular reference to plant population Cambridge University Press The Journal of Agricultural Science, 79:517-529
[24] Dagnew, G. (1981). Effect of Intercropping on Yield, Yield Components and Relative Yield Totals of the Associated Maize and Bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. M.Sc Thesis, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
[25] Misbahulmunir, M.Y., Sammons, D.J. and Weil, P.R. (1989). Corn-peanut intercrop performance in relation to component crop relative planting dates. Agronomy Journal 81:184-189.
[26] Food and Agriculture Organization Report (1990). UNESCO: Rome.
[28] Stirling, C.M. Williams, J.H. Black, C.R. Ong, C.K. (1990). The effect of timing of shade on development, dry matter production and light use efficiency in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under field conditions, J. Agric. Res. (Australian) 41: 633-644.
[29] Williams, J.H. (2000). The implications and applications of resource capture concepts to crop improvement by plant breeding. Agric. For. Meteorol. 104: 49-58.
[30] Saxena, N.P. Natarajan,M. and Reddy, M.S. (1983) Chickpea, Pigeon pea and groundnut. In: IRRI(ed) Potential productivity of field crops under different environments IRRI, Los Banos, Phillippines. Pp 281-305.
[31] Almeida, M.L., De, Sangoi, L.(1996). Aumento da densidade de plantas de milhopararegiões de curtaestaçãoestival de crescimento.PesquisaAgropecuáriaGaúcha, Porto Alegre, v.2, n.2, p.179-183.
[32] Wiyo,K.A. Kasmekera, Z.M. and Fe yen, J. (1999). Variability in ridge and furrow size and shape and maize population density on small subsistence farms in Malawi. Soil and Tillage, 51(1-2): 113-119
[33] Karunatilake, U. van Es, H.M. and Schindelbeck, R.R. (2000). Soil and maize response to plow and no-tillage after alfalfa-to-maize conversion on a clay loam soil in New York. Soil and Tillage Res. 55(1-2): 31-42.
[34] Ofori, F. and Stern, W.R. (1987).Cereal-legume intercropping advantages. Agronomy Journal 64: Pp 41-90.
[35] Russell, J. T. Caldwell, R. M. (1989). Effect of component densities and nitrogen fertilization on efficiency and yield of maize/soybean intercrop. Experimental Agriculture, v. 25, p. 529-540.
[36] Searle, PG, Comudon, E.Y, Shedden, D.C, Nance, R.A (1981). Effects of maize and legume intercropping systems and fertilizer nitrogen on crop yields and residual nitrogen. Field Crops Res., 4: 133-145.
[37] Clement A, Chalifour FP, Bharati, M.P. Gendron G (1992). Effects of nitrogen supply and spatial arrangement on the grain yield of a maize / soybean intercrop in a humid subtropical climate. Journal of Plant Science (Canadian) 72: 57 – 67.
[38] Rerkasem, K. and Rerkasem, B., (1998). Yields and nitrogen nutrition of intercropped maize (Zea mays L.) and rice bean (Vigna umbellta (Thumb.) Ohwi and Onashi). Plant Soil 108, pp. 151–162.
[39] Rhoda, E.I. (1989). Growth, yield and yield components of soybean as influenced by sowing dates and plant populations. MSc. Thesis. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, 65 pp.
[40] Kowal, J.M. and Kassam, A.H. (1970). Agricultural Zoology of the Savanna. A Study of West Africa Oxford England, Clarendon Press pp. 282.
[42] Forcella, F. Westgate, M. E. Warnes, D. D. (1992).Effect of row width on herbicide and cultivation requirements in row crops. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, p. 161-167,
[43] Reddy, M.S. and Willey, R.W. (1980).Growth and resource use studies in an intercrop of pearl millet/groundnut. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT).
[44] Francis, C.A. (1990). Biological sciences in multiple-cropping systems. Adv Agon. 42: 1-15.
[45] Francis, O. and Stern, W.R. (1987). Relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop system. Experimental Agriculture 23:41-52
[46] Willey, R.W. (1979). Intercropping, its importance and research needs. Part I competition and yield advantages. Field Crop Research Abstracts 32: Pp 1 – 10.
[47] Altieri, M.A. and Liebman, M. (1986). Insect Weed and Plant Disease Management in Multiple Cropping systems. In: Multiple cropping systems, France CA (Ed).
Downloads
Published
2016-02-12
How to Cite
Mas-ud, M., Kaba, J. S., Ofori, K., & Salifu, G. (2016). Relative Planting Dates Effect on the Agronomic Performance of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea L) in an Intercrop System. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 16(1), 262–276. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/1301
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
