The Millennium Development Goals and the Status of Gender Disparity in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges
Keywords:
Ethiopia, Gender, Gender Policy, Global Gender Disparity Index, Millennium Development Goals.Abstract
Recognizing the magnitude of the global gender gap and its unbearable consequences, the UN included the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment as one of its 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), declared in 2000. Ethiopia adopted the MDGs and has been incorporating them into its consecutive Core Strategic Polices, with the commitment to realize them by 2015. This study was intended to see whether Ethiopia is on track to meet the globally adopted goals by the deadline, with particular reference to gender and to analyse the achievements Ethiopia has made so far and the challenges ahead in achieving gender equality. Both descriptive and analytical methods were employed and a triangular approach was used in analysing data. The status of gender gap in Ethiopia was analysed using the Global Gender Gap Index. The study found that though Ethiopia may not be able to achieve the gender related MDG by the deadline; it has made a significant progress in reducing gender disparity over the last decade. Limited enforcement capacity and gender disaggregated data; significant gender gap at secondary and tertiary level of education and political offices; deep rooted gender insensitive social values and political culture remain as challenges. It is argued that addressing these challenges and identifying Gender Practical and Strategic Needs down at community level could be instrumental in narrowing the gap. Besides, strengthening the recently introduced Gender Responsive Budgeting approach, enhancing the pro- poor policy in general and adopting the Gender and Development policy approach in particular, could be instrumental in closing the gender gap in Ethiopia, in the near future.
References
[1] UNDG (United Nations Development Group). Thematic Paper on MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women, 2010.
[2] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[3] MoFED (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team). Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[4] UNDG (United Nations Development Group). Thematic Paper on MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Women, 2010.
[5] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[6] UNDG (United Nations Development Group). Thematic Paper on MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women, 2010.
[7] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013.
[8] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[9] The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No. 1/ 95), Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Press, 1995.
[10] The Revised Family Code Proclamation No. 213/2000), Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, Extra Ordinary Issue No. 1/2000.
[11] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[12] “Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003”. Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta.
[13] "Federal Civil Servants Proclamation No. 262/2002". Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 2002.
[14] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[15] “Rural Land Administration Proclamation. No. 89/97”. Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 1997.
[16] Mehari Redae . Women’s Access to Rural Land Legal and Practical Constraints. Unpublished, 2003.
[17] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[18] The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Pro.No. No. 414/2004)”, Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 2004.
[19] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[20] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “National Policy on Ethiopian Women.” Addis Ababa: Office of the Prime Minister, 1993a.
]21] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “National Population Policy of Ethiopia.” Addis Ababa: Office of the Prime Minister, 1993b.
]22] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “Developmental and Social Welfare Policy.” Addis Abeba: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 1996.
[23] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “Education and Training Policy.” Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.
[24] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. “Five-Year Strategic Framework for En¬hancing Female Participation I Tertiary Education in Ethiopia.” Addis Abeba, 2004.
[25] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. “Gender Mainstreaming Guideline.” Addis Ababa, 2011.
[26] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[27] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. National Action Plan For Gender Equality (2006-2010), Addis Ababa, 2006.
[28] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. Gender Relations in Ethiopia: Final Report, Addis Ababa, 2005
[29] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Ethiopia. Sus¬tainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), Addis Ababa, 2002.
[30] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Ethiopia Building on Progress: A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained develop¬ment to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06 – 2009/10), Addis Abeba, 2006.
[31] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11- 2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[32] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[33] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. National Action Plan For Gender Equality (Nap- Ge) (2006-2010), Addis Ababa, 2006.
[34] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Ethiopia Building on Progress: A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained develop¬ment to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06 – 2009/10), Addis Abeba, 2006.
[35] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11 -2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[36] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[37] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[38] ILO. Gender Mainstreaming in Local Economic Development Strategies: A guide. Geneva, ILO Bureau for Gender Equality. Retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/ (last consulted: 18/04/2014), 2010.
[39] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[40] ADBG (African Development Bank Group). Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in Governance Programmes. Retrieved from: http://adbg.org/ (last consulted: 16/04/2014), 2008.
[41] Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, The Fourth General Elections to the House of Peoples Representatives and State Councils 23 May 2010. Report on Final Monitoring and Observation, November, 2011.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011.
[42] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[43] MGDF Ethiopia LNWB Final Evaluation Report. UN Joint Programme On Leave No Woman Behind (LNWB). Retrieved from: hkabuchu@gmail.com. (last consulted: 18/04/2014), 2013.
[44] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[45] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[46] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ (last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[47] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.3.
[48] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[49] OECD. Women’s Economic Empowerment: Promoting Pro-poor Growth. Issue Paper by DAC Network on Gender Equality. Paris: OECD, 2012.
[50] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[51] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11- 2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[52] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[53] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[54] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[55] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[56] Transitional Government of Ethiopia “Health Policy of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.” Addis Ababa: Ministry of Health, 1993c.
[57] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[58] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[59] Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, The Fourth General Elections to the House of Peoples Representatives and State Councils 23 May 2010. Report on Final and Observation, November, 2011.Addis Ababa, pp. 60.
[60] Shvedova, Nadezhda and Hege Skjeie. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, 2012, pp.22
[61] Berouk Mesifin. Women’s Participation in political Leadership and Decision Making in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press, 2012.
[62] Henig, Ruth and Henig, Simon. Women and Political Power. London, Oxford University Press, 2010.
[63] Shvedova, Nadezhda and Hege Skjeie. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, 2012, pp.22
[64] Selamawit Zeleke. “Women in the Urban Informal Sector of Ethiopia’s Economy: The Case of Mercato in Addis Ababa”. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press, 2013.
[65] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011.
[66] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[67] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011.
[68] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011, pp.30.
[69] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ (last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[70] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[71] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved from http://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[72] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[85] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs.” London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[74 ] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[75] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012
[76] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved from: http://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[77] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[78] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[79] Vainio-Mattila, A. Navigating Gender: A framework and a tool for participatory development. Helsinki: Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, online: http://global.finland.fi/julkaisut/taustat /nav_ gender/ glossary.htm (last consulted: 15/04/2014), 1999.
[80] Fonjock J.A., and Endeley, J.B. “Women in Anglophone Cameroon: Household Gender Relations and Participation in Local governance”, Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, 6:2, 2013.
[81] Vainio-Mattila, A. Navigating Gender: A framework and a tool for participatory development. Helsinki: Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, online: http://global.finland.fi/julkaisut/taustat /nav_ gender/ glossary.htm (last consulted: 15/04/2014), 1999.
[82] UN-HABITAT. Gender in Local Government: A Source Book for Trainers, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2008.
[83] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[84] UN-HABITAT. Gender in Local Government: A Source Book for Trainers, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2008.
[2] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[3] MoFED (Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team). Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[4] UNDG (United Nations Development Group). Thematic Paper on MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Women, 2010.
[5] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[6] UNDG (United Nations Development Group). Thematic Paper on MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women, 2010.
[7] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013.
[8] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[9] The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia (Proc. No. 1/ 95), Addis Ababa: Berhanena Selam Printing Press, 1995.
[10] The Revised Family Code Proclamation No. 213/2000), Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, Extra Ordinary Issue No. 1/2000.
[11] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[12] “Labour Proclamation No. 377/2003”. Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta.
[13] "Federal Civil Servants Proclamation No. 262/2002". Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 2002.
[14] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[15] “Rural Land Administration Proclamation. No. 89/97”. Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 1997.
[16] Mehari Redae . Women’s Access to Rural Land Legal and Practical Constraints. Unpublished, 2003.
[17] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[18] The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Pro.No. No. 414/2004)”, Addis Ababa: Federal Negarit Gazeta, 2004.
[19] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[20] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “National Policy on Ethiopian Women.” Addis Ababa: Office of the Prime Minister, 1993a.
]21] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “National Population Policy of Ethiopia.” Addis Ababa: Office of the Prime Minister, 1993b.
]22] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “Developmental and Social Welfare Policy.” Addis Abeba: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, 1996.
[23] Transitional Government of Ethiopia. “Education and Training Policy.” Addis Ababa: Ministry of Education.
[24] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. “Five-Year Strategic Framework for En¬hancing Female Participation I Tertiary Education in Ethiopia.” Addis Abeba, 2004.
[25] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. “Gender Mainstreaming Guideline.” Addis Ababa, 2011.
[26] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[27] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. National Action Plan For Gender Equality (2006-2010), Addis Ababa, 2006.
[28] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. Gender Relations in Ethiopia: Final Report, Addis Ababa, 2005
[29] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development Ethiopia. Sus¬tainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP), Addis Ababa, 2002.
[30] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Ethiopia Building on Progress: A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained develop¬ment to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06 – 2009/10), Addis Abeba, 2006.
[31] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11- 2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[32] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[33] Ethiopia, Ministry Of Women’s Affairs. National Action Plan For Gender Equality (Nap- Ge) (2006-2010), Addis Ababa, 2006.
[34] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. Ethiopia Building on Progress: A Plan for Accelerated and Sustained develop¬ment to End Poverty (PASDEP) (2005/06 – 2009/10), Addis Abeba, 2006.
[35] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11 -2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[36] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[37] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[38] ILO. Gender Mainstreaming in Local Economic Development Strategies: A guide. Geneva, ILO Bureau for Gender Equality. Retrieved from: http://www.ilo.org/ (last consulted: 18/04/2014), 2010.
[39] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[40] ADBG (African Development Bank Group). Checklist for Gender Mainstreaming in Governance Programmes. Retrieved from: http://adbg.org/ (last consulted: 16/04/2014), 2008.
[41] Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, The Fourth General Elections to the House of Peoples Representatives and State Councils 23 May 2010. Report on Final Monitoring and Observation, November, 2011.Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011.
[42] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[43] MGDF Ethiopia LNWB Final Evaluation Report. UN Joint Programme On Leave No Woman Behind (LNWB). Retrieved from: hkabuchu@gmail.com. (last consulted: 18/04/2014), 2013.
[44] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11-2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[45] UNIFEM (United Nations Development fund for women, nd). Integrating Gender Responsive budgeting into the Aid Effectiveness Agenda: Ethiopia country report. Retrieved from: www.unifem.org. (Last consulted: 16/04/2014).
[46] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ (last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[47] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.3.
[48] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[49] OECD. Women’s Economic Empowerment: Promoting Pro-poor Growth. Issue Paper by DAC Network on Gender Equality. Paris: OECD, 2012.
[50] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[51] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. “Growth and Transformation Plan (2010/11- 2014/15)”, Addis Ababa, 2010.
[52] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[53] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[54] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[55] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[56] Transitional Government of Ethiopia “Health Policy of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia.” Addis Ababa: Ministry of Health, 1993c.
[57] Ethiopia, Ministry of Finance and Economic Development) and UNCT (United Nations Country Team. Assessing Progress towards the MDGs: Ethiopia MDGs Report. Addis Ababa, 2012.
[58] WEF (World Economic Forum). The Global Gender Gap Report, the USA, 2013, pp.196.
[59] Ethiopian Human Rights Commission. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, The Fourth General Elections to the House of Peoples Representatives and State Councils 23 May 2010. Report on Final and Observation, November, 2011.Addis Ababa, pp. 60.
[60] Shvedova, Nadezhda and Hege Skjeie. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, 2012, pp.22
[61] Berouk Mesifin. Women’s Participation in political Leadership and Decision Making in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press, 2012.
[62] Henig, Ruth and Henig, Simon. Women and Political Power. London, Oxford University Press, 2010.
[63] Shvedova, Nadezhda and Hege Skjeie. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, 2012, pp.22
[64] Selamawit Zeleke. “Women in the Urban Informal Sector of Ethiopia’s Economy: The Case of Mercato in Addis Ababa”. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University Press, 2013.
[65] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011.
[66] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[67] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011.
[68] Tigist Zeleke. The Political Participation of Women in Ethiopia: Challenges and Prospects. Addis Ababa: Women Lawyers Association., 2011, pp.30.
[69] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ (last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[70] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[71] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved from http://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[72] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012.
[85] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs.” London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[74 ] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[75] Ethiopia, Ministry of Education (MoE). Education Statistics Annual Abstract. Addis Abeba, 2012
[76] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved from: http://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[77] WABEKBON Development Consultant PLC. Final Report: Ethiopia Country Gender Profile. Addis Ababa, 2006.
[78] UNDAF (United Nations Development Assistance Framework). Joint Programme on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment, Unofficial Document. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mdgfund.org/ content/ gender equality and women empowerment(last consulted: 20/06/2014), 2010.
[79] Vainio-Mattila, A. Navigating Gender: A framework and a tool for participatory development. Helsinki: Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, online: http://global.finland.fi/julkaisut/taustat /nav_ gender/ glossary.htm (last consulted: 15/04/2014), 1999.
[80] Fonjock J.A., and Endeley, J.B. “Women in Anglophone Cameroon: Household Gender Relations and Participation in Local governance”, Africa Peace and Conflict Journal, 6:2, 2013.
[81] Vainio-Mattila, A. Navigating Gender: A framework and a tool for participatory development. Helsinki: Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, online: http://global.finland.fi/julkaisut/taustat /nav_ gender/ glossary.htm (last consulted: 15/04/2014), 1999.
[82] UN-HABITAT. Gender in Local Government: A Source Book for Trainers, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2008.
[83] Monser, C.O.N .“Gender Planning in the Third World: Meeting Practical and Strategic Needs”. London School of Economics and political Science, Vol.17, No.11, 1989, pp.1799-1825.
[84] UN-HABITAT. Gender in Local Government: A Source Book for Trainers, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, 2008.
Downloads
Published
2014-06-21
How to Cite
Gebru, S. G., & Demeke, M. A. (2014). The Millennium Development Goals and the Status of Gender Disparity in Ethiopia: Achievements and Challenges. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 8(1), 56–78. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/600
Issue
Section
Articles
License
Copyright (c) 2014 American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
