Electoral Corruption in Central Africa and Entrenchment of Democratic Culture: A case Study of Cameroon
Keywords:
Electro corruption, Democracy, Central AfricaAbstract
This paper provides an overview of electoral corruption in Cameroon. The paper is grounded on the assumption that elections are the keystone of modern democracy, and that understanding electoral corruption and addressing its main causes can improve electoral integrity in Cameroon and around Central Africa. This paper provides an overview of electoral corruption in Cameroon. The paper is grounded on the assumption that elections are the keystone of modern democracy, and that understanding electoral corruption and addressing its main causes can improve electoral integrity in Cameroon and around Central Africa.
References
[1] S. Birch, “Electoral Corruption”, in Todd Landman and Neil Robinson (eds.), Handbook of Comparative Politics, Sage, 2009
[2] Myagkov, Mikhail, C. Peter Ordeshook and Dimitry Shaikin, The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[3] S. Birch, “Electoral Systems and Electoral Misconduct”, Comparative Political Studies 40.12, 2007
[4] J. C Scott, “Corruption, Machine Politics and Political Change”, American Political Science Review 63.4, 1969, pp. 1142-58.
[5] Ziblatt, Daniel, ,Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth Century Germany?, American Political Science Review 103.1, pp. 1-21, 2009.
[5] H. F. Gosnell,., Machine Politics: Chicago Model, 2nd ed., Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1968.
[6] A .Schedler,., “The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections”, International Political Science Review 23.1, , pp. 103-22, 2002b.
[6] Bermeo and Nancy, “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections?, Comparative Political Studies 43.8/9, pp. 1119-1147
[6] R. H. McDonald, “Electoral Fraud and Regime Controls in Latin America”, Western Political Quarterly 25.1 (1972), pp. 81-93.
[7] Coalition for Democratic Governance (CODEG), Rapport d’observation, Elections législatives et municipales du 30 Septembre 2013 au Cameroun, Octobre 2013
[8] F. C. Schaffer and A. Schedler, “What Is Vote Buying? The Limits of the Market Model”, Paper presented at the conference on “Poverty, Democracy and Clientelism: The Political Economy of Vote Buying”, Stanford University, and 28 November – 2 December,
[9] Stokes, Susan, “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina”, American Political Science Review 99.3, pp. 315-25, 2005.
[10] Commission National Anti- Corruption, Stratégie Nationale de la lutte contre la corruption, Cameroun, 2011
[11] Bisong Etahoben, ‘Parties renew calls for Cameroon to postpone elections’, Daily Nation, 3 August 2011, Available; http://www.nation.co.ke
[12] L. J. Beck, “Senegal‘s “Patrimonial Democrats”: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to the Consolidation of Democracy”, Canadian Journal of African Studies 31.1, pp. 1-31, 1997
[13] Bisong Etahoben, ‘Parties renew calls for Cameroon to postpone elections’, Daily Nation, 3 August 2011, Available; http://www.nation.co.ke
[14] Lehoucq and Fabrice, “Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences”, Annual Review of Political Science 6 pp. 233-56, 2003[9].
[14] W. A .Callahan,., Pollwatching, Election and Civil Society in Southeast Asia, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000
[15] Goodwin-Gill and G. S., Codes of Conduct for Elections, Geneva; Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998
[15]. S. Mozaffar., “Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa’s Emerging Democracy”, International Political Science Review 23.1, , pp. 85-101, 2002
[16] Pending the establishment of the Constitutional Council are members of the Supreme Court who play this role
[17] This department plays a significant role in the transparency of elections. When it is biased, it can deliver such a long delay accreditation for observers in opposition strongholds and this may affect the result of the election and be considered as electoral fraud.
[18] Goodwin-Gill and G. S., Free and Fair Elections, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994.
[18] J. Hartlyn, and J. McCoy, “Observer Paradoxes; How to Assess Electoral Manipulation”, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 41-54, 2006.
[19] J. Hartlyn, “Crisis-Ridden Elections (Again) in the Dominican Republic: Neopatrimonialism, Presidentialism, and Weak Electoral Oversight”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36.4, pp. 91-144, 1994
[2] Myagkov, Mikhail, C. Peter Ordeshook and Dimitry Shaikin, The Forensics of Election Fraud: Russia and Ukraine, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
[3] S. Birch, “Electoral Systems and Electoral Misconduct”, Comparative Political Studies 40.12, 2007
[4] J. C Scott, “Corruption, Machine Politics and Political Change”, American Political Science Review 63.4, 1969, pp. 1142-58.
[5] Ziblatt, Daniel, ,Shaping Democratic Practice and the Causes of Electoral Fraud: The Case of Nineteenth Century Germany?, American Political Science Review 103.1, pp. 1-21, 2009.
[5] H. F. Gosnell,., Machine Politics: Chicago Model, 2nd ed., Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1968.
[6] A .Schedler,., “The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections”, International Political Science Review 23.1, , pp. 103-22, 2002b.
[6] Bermeo and Nancy, “Interests, Inequality, and Illusion in the Choice for Fair Elections?, Comparative Political Studies 43.8/9, pp. 1119-1147
[6] R. H. McDonald, “Electoral Fraud and Regime Controls in Latin America”, Western Political Quarterly 25.1 (1972), pp. 81-93.
[7] Coalition for Democratic Governance (CODEG), Rapport d’observation, Elections législatives et municipales du 30 Septembre 2013 au Cameroun, Octobre 2013
[8] F. C. Schaffer and A. Schedler, “What Is Vote Buying? The Limits of the Market Model”, Paper presented at the conference on “Poverty, Democracy and Clientelism: The Political Economy of Vote Buying”, Stanford University, and 28 November – 2 December,
[9] Stokes, Susan, “Perverse Accountability: A Formal Model of Machine Politics with Evidence from Argentina”, American Political Science Review 99.3, pp. 315-25, 2005.
[10] Commission National Anti- Corruption, Stratégie Nationale de la lutte contre la corruption, Cameroun, 2011
[11] Bisong Etahoben, ‘Parties renew calls for Cameroon to postpone elections’, Daily Nation, 3 August 2011, Available; http://www.nation.co.ke
[12] L. J. Beck, “Senegal‘s “Patrimonial Democrats”: Incremental Reform and the Obstacles to the Consolidation of Democracy”, Canadian Journal of African Studies 31.1, pp. 1-31, 1997
[13] Bisong Etahoben, ‘Parties renew calls for Cameroon to postpone elections’, Daily Nation, 3 August 2011, Available; http://www.nation.co.ke
[14] Lehoucq and Fabrice, “Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences”, Annual Review of Political Science 6 pp. 233-56, 2003[9].
[14] W. A .Callahan,., Pollwatching, Election and Civil Society in Southeast Asia, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000
[15] Goodwin-Gill and G. S., Codes of Conduct for Elections, Geneva; Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998
[15]. S. Mozaffar., “Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa’s Emerging Democracy”, International Political Science Review 23.1, , pp. 85-101, 2002
[16] Pending the establishment of the Constitutional Council are members of the Supreme Court who play this role
[17] This department plays a significant role in the transparency of elections. When it is biased, it can deliver such a long delay accreditation for observers in opposition strongholds and this may affect the result of the election and be considered as electoral fraud.
[18] Goodwin-Gill and G. S., Free and Fair Elections, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994.
[18] J. Hartlyn, and J. McCoy, “Observer Paradoxes; How to Assess Electoral Manipulation”, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 41-54, 2006.
[19] J. Hartlyn, “Crisis-Ridden Elections (Again) in the Dominican Republic: Neopatrimonialism, Presidentialism, and Weak Electoral Oversight”, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36.4, pp. 91-144, 1994
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2013-08-17
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Kabanda, U., Therese, F. A. N., Therese, F. A. N., Therese, F. A. N., Idrissa, O., Idrissa, O., & Idrissa, O. (2013). Electoral Corruption in Central Africa and Entrenchment of Democratic Culture: A case Study of Cameroon. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 6(1), 20–31. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/515
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