Effects of Different Water Regimes and Poultry Manure on Growth, Development and Yield of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.)
Keywords:
Legon 18 pepper, Poultry manure, Irrigation regimes/scheduling.Abstract
Pot experiment was conducted during the wet period of (June to September 2012) in a screen house at the Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre (FOHCREC), Kade of the University of Ghana. The experiment evaluated the effect of water regime and poultry manure on growth and development, physiological activities and yield of hot pepper (C. annum L.). Five watering/ stress regimes (250mL, 500mL, 1000mL, 1500mL and 2000mL) and four rates of poultry manure (0, 10, 15 and 20 t/ha) applications were adopted in this study. The experiment was designed as a factorial in CRD and laid out in split-plots with three replications. Data collected included plant height, leaf number, shoot fresh and dry weight, shoot/root ratio, leaf area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate, leaf weight ratio, number of flowers per plant, fruit number and fruit weights per plant. All data collected were analyzed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant means were separated at p= 0.05 (Tukey’s HSD). Results showed that there was significant effect of irrigation levels on biometric parameters such as plant height, fresh weight, stem diameter, branches number, number of leaves, leaf area per plant in combination with poultry manure treatments and interaction effect.
The study also showed significant effect of irrigation levels on secondary response variables such as relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area and leaf weight ratio as well as yield and its components in combination with poultry manure treatments. Interaction effect of poultry manure and irrigation levels was significant. The study indicated that organic matter increased with the application of poultry manure which also improved the soil physical and chemical properties including ph, exchangeable cations. Poultry manure at higher rates (15-20t/ha) and in combination with irrigation levels at 1000 – 1500mls increased plant height, number of leaves, shoot fresh and dry weights as well as total plant dry weight and leaf area. At low water levels plant growth was reduced. The study further revealed that poultry manure at 15t/ha and irrigation levels of 1000 -1500mls increased yield and low levels of poultry manure and water applications resulted in low yields. Proline content in pepper plants were found to be higher at low water stress and poultry manure levels.
References
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[12] Bruce, R. R., Chesness, J. L., Keisling, T. C., Pallas, J. E., Smittle, D. A., Stansell, J. R. and Thomas , A. W. (1980). Irrigation of Crops: In the Southeastern United States: Principles and Practices, U. S. Dept. Agric. Rev. Man. ARM-S-9.
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[16] Dimitrov Z., Ovtcharrov A., (1985). The productivity of peppers and tomatoes in case of insufficient water supply. In: proceedings of ICID Special Technical Session on the Role of Advanced Technologies in Irrigation and Drainage System. Vol.19: 9-5.
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[21] Fisher K. H., Cline R. A. and Bradt O. A. (1985). The effects of trickle irrigation and training systems on the performance of concord grapes. Drip/Trickle Irrigation in Action. 1: 220-230.
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[26] Gupta A. and V. Shukla. 1977. Response of tomato (Lycopersicorn esculentum Mill.) to plant spacing, Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Indian J. Hort. 34: 270-276.
[27] Hu, T., S. H. Kang, F. Li.And J Zang, 2009.Effects of partial root-zone Irrigation on the Nitrigen Absorption and Utilization of maize. Agric. Water Manage, 96: 208-214.
[28] Ismail M. R., W. J. Davies and M. H. Awad (2002). Leaf growth and stomatal sensitivity to ABA in droughted pepper plants. Sciential Hortic., 96: 313-327.
[29] Kang S., Zhang L., Hu X., Goodwin I., and Jerrie, P. (2002). Soil water distribution, water use, and yield response to partial rootzone drying under a shallow ground water table condition in pear orchard. Sci. Hort. 92, 277-291.
[30] Magdoff, F. (1998), Nutrient management: Sustainable agriculture research and education program. Bulletin 672, Michingan State University/Extension.
[31] Manivannan P., Abdul Jaleel C., Sankar B., Kishorekumar A., Somasundaram R., Lakshmanan GMA.,Panneerselvam R. (2007). Growth biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 59: 141-149.
[32] Matthew, I. P. and Karikari, S. K. (1995),Horticulture Principles and Practices, Macmilliam Education Ltd., London.
[33] Moyin-Jesu, E. I. Evaluation of sole and amended organic fertilizers on soil fertility and growth of kola seedlings (Cola acuminata).Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 2009; 32(1): 17-23.
[34] Nkansah G.O., Okyere P, Coffie R. and Voisard J.M., 2007.Evaluation of four exportable hybrid okra varieties in three different ecological zones of Ghana.(Ghana J. of Horticulture Vol. 6:25 31).
[35] Norman, M. J. T., Pearson, C. J., and Searle, P. G. E. (1995). The ecology of tropical food crop 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press. U. K.
[36] Nyarko, N. N. (2005). Comparative performance of vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo) under organic, inorganic and a combination of organic and inorganic nutrient regimes, Unpublished BSc. Dissertation, Crop Science Department, University of Ghana, Legon.
[37] Ofosu-Budu KG, 2003. Performance of citrus rootstocks in the forest zone of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Hort. 3, 1-9.
[38] Olaitan, S. O. and Lambin, G. (1988), Introducing to tropical soil science. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London.
[39] Olson R. A. Army J. J., Hanway J. J. and Kilmer U. J. 1971. Premature fruit drop of hot pepper (C. Frutescens). The Legion of Agric Res. Bulletin. 2: 86.
[40] Ommen O. E., Donnelly A., Vanhoutvin S., van Oijen M., Manderscheid R. (1999). Chlorophyll content of spring wheat flag leaves grown under elevated CO concentrations and other environmental tresses within the ESPACE-wheat project. Eur. J. Agron. 10: 197-203.
[41] Purseglove, J.W (1968), Tropical Crops Dicotyledons 2. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.
[42] Rahman S. M. Nawata E., and Sakuratani T. (1999). Effect of water stress on growth, yield and eco-physiological responses of four (Lycopenpersicon esculentum Mill) tomato cultivars. Jour. Japan Sci. Hort Sci. 6893): 499-504.
[43] Rambal, S. and Debussche, G. (1995). Water balance of Mediterranean ecosystems under a changing climate. Global change and Mediterranean –type ecosystems. Ecological studies, Vol. 117. (ed. By Jose M. Moreno, Walter C. Oechel), pp. 386-407. Springer Verlag, New York.
[44] Rogozinska J. and Flasinske S., (1987). The effect of the nutrient salt and osmotic stress on proline accumulation on oil seed rape plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 9, 61-8.
[45] Routley D. G. (1966). Proline accumulation in wilted ladino clover leaves. Crop Sci. 6: 358-361.
[46] Sanchez F. J. Manzanares M., de Andres E. F, Tenorio J. L., Ayerbe L. (1998). Turgor maintenance, osmostic adjustment and soluble sugar and proline accumulation in 49 pea cultivars in response to water stress. Field Crops Res 59: 225-235.
[47] Santana-Buzzy,N., Canto-Flick A. Z., Trujillo, J.G., Moreno-Valenzuela,O. and Sánchez-Cach., (2002).Effects of different factors on morphogenesis of chilli habanero (Capsicum chinense) in vitro. Proceedings of the 16th international pepper conference.Tamanlipas, Mesico. November 10-12, 2002.
[48] Singh T. N. A. D. and Paleg L. G. (1972). Proline accumulation and varietal adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of drought resistance. Nature New Biology 236: 188-190.
[49] Smirnoff N. (1995). Antioxidant systems and plant response to the environment. In: Smirnoff V (Ed.), Environment and Plant metabolism: Flexibility and Acclimation. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK.
[50] Smith, R., Hartz, T., Aguiar, J. and Molinar, R., 1998. Chile pepper production in California, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 7244.
[51] Valenzuela, H. (2011). Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). In: Elevitch, C. R. (ed). Specialty crop for Pacific Island agroforestry.Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).Holualoa, Hawaii. http: agroforestry.net/scps.
[52] Waggoner, P. E., Moss D. N. and Hesketh J. D. (1963). Radiation in the plant environment and photosynthesis. Agron. J. 55: 36.
[53] Weill, R. R. and Kroontje, W. (1977).Physical Condition of Davision Clay Loam After Five Years of Poultry Manure Application.J. Environ. Qual. 8 pp 387-392.
[54] Wein, H. C., 1998.Pepper. P. 259-293. In: H. C. Wein (ed). Physiology of vegetable Crops. CAB International, USA.
[55] Wolf, R. (1987),Organic farming: Yesterday’s and Tomorrow’s Agriculture Compywrite, Rodale Press Inc. New York, 344.
[56] Yoon, J.Y.; Green, S.K.; Tschanz, A.T.; Tosu, S.C.S. and Chang, L.C. (1989). Pepper improvement for the tropics: Problems and the AVRDC approach. In proceedings of tomato and pepper production in the tropics: International symposium on intergrated management practices. Tainan, Taiwan. March 21-26 1988. Pp. 86-98. (Cited by Bonsu,et. al., 2003).
[2] Aduayi, E. A. Effect of ammonium sulphate fertilization on soil chemical composition, fruit yield and nutrient content of okra. Ife Journal of Agriculture 1980; 2(1): 16-33.
[3] Akinci, S. and LÖsel, D. M. (2009). The soluble sugars determination in Cucurbitaceae species under stress and recovery periods. Adv. Environ. Biol., 3(2): 175-183.
[4] Akinci, S. and LÖsel, D. M. (2010). The effects of water stress and recovery periods on soluble sugars and starch content in cucumber cultivars. Fresen. Environ. Bull., 19(2): 164-171.
[5] Alam, S. M. (1999). Nutrient uptake by plants under stress conditions. In M. Pessarakli (ed) Handbook of plant and crop stress. Second ed. Rev. and exp. Marcel Dekker, New York. Pp. 285-313.
[6] Alexieva V, Sergiev I, Mapelli S, Karanov E. (2001). The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant Cell Environ 24: 1337-1334.
[7] Aliyu L. 2000. The effect of organic and mineral fertilizer on growth yield and composition of pepper (Capsicumannum L.)BiolAgric Hort. 18: 29-36.
[8] Aliyu L. 2003.Effect of manure type and rate on the growth, yield and yield component of pepper (Capsicumannum L.) J. Sustain Agric Environ. 5: 92-98.
[9] Barnett, N. M. and Naylor, A. W. (1966). Amino acid protein metabolism in Bermuda grass during water stress. Plant Physiol., 41: 1222-1230.
[10] Bhangoo, M. S., Day, K. S., Sundanagunta, W. R. and Petrucci, V. E. (1988), Application of poultry manure: Influences Thompson seedless grapes production and soil properties Hort. Sci. 23(6): 1010-1012.
[11] Bonsu, K.O., Owusu, E.O., Nkansah, G.O.,Oppong-Konadu, E. and Adu-Dapaah, H. (2003).Morphological characterization of hot pepper (Capsicum spp) Germplasm in Ghana.Ghana Journal of Horticulture, Vol. 2. Pp. 17-23.
[12] Bruce, R. R., Chesness, J. L., Keisling, T. C., Pallas, J. E., Smittle, D. A., Stansell, J. R. and Thomas , A. W. (1980). Irrigation of Crops: In the Southeastern United States: Principles and Practices, U. S. Dept. Agric. Rev. Man. ARM-S-9.
[13] Chavan, P. J., Syed Ismail, Rudraksha, G. B., Malewar, G. V. and Baig, M. I., 1997, Effect of various nitrogen levels through FYM and okra on yield, uptake on nutrients andascorbic acid content in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Ind. Soc. of Soil Sci., 45(4): 833-835.
[14] Coffey, D. L., Wang, S. H. and Lohr, V. I. (1984),Spent mushroom compost as a soil amendment for vegetables, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 109(5): 698-702.
[15] Dauda, S.N., Ajayi, F.A. and Ndor E. (2008). Growth and Yield of Watermelon (Citrulluslanatus) as affected by poultry manureapplication. Journal of Agriculture and Social Sciences. ; 121-124. http//www.fspublishers.org (accessed 2009 November 10).
[16] Dimitrov Z., Ovtcharrov A., (1985). The productivity of peppers and tomatoes in case of insufficient water supply. In: proceedings of ICID Special Technical Session on the Role of Advanced Technologies in Irrigation and Drainage System. Vol.19: 9-5.
[17] Doorenbos, J. &Kassam, A.H. 1979. Yield response to water. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 33. Rome, FAO.
[18] Dorji K., Behboundian M. H., Zegbe-Dominguez J. A (2005). Water relations, growth, yield and fruit quality of hot pepper under deficit irrigation and partial rootzone drying. Sciential Horticulturae 104: 137-149.
[19] Edmeades D. C., Rys G., Smart, C. E., Wheeler D. M. (1986). Effect of lime on soil nitrogen uptake by a ryegrass-white clover pasture. NZ journal of agricultural research 29: 49-53.
[20] FAOSTAT. 2001. Hot pepper production in sub-Saharan Africa. A Report.Journal of Crop Science.Food and Agriculture Organization.p. 23.
[21] Fisher K. H., Cline R. A. and Bradt O. A. (1985). The effects of trickle irrigation and training systems on the performance of concord grapes. Drip/Trickle Irrigation in Action. 1: 220-230.
[22] Gencoglan C., Akinci I. E., Ucan K. Akinci S. and Gencoglan S. (2006). Response of red hot pepper plants (Capsicum annum L.) to the deficit irrigation, Akdeniz Üniversity Ziraat Fakultesi Dergisi, 19(1): 131-138.
[23] GenStat (2007). GenStat Statistical software version 9.
[24] Gordon, W. Coffee.Tropical Agricultural Series. In: H. Murray (eds.). Macmillan Publishing Ltd. London.1988; 1-20.
[25] Grubben, G. J. H. and Denton, O. A., (2004).Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 2.Vegetables.Prota Foundation, Wangeningen, Netherlands: 154-163.
[26] Gupta A. and V. Shukla. 1977. Response of tomato (Lycopersicorn esculentum Mill.) to plant spacing, Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Indian J. Hort. 34: 270-276.
[27] Hu, T., S. H. Kang, F. Li.And J Zang, 2009.Effects of partial root-zone Irrigation on the Nitrigen Absorption and Utilization of maize. Agric. Water Manage, 96: 208-214.
[28] Ismail M. R., W. J. Davies and M. H. Awad (2002). Leaf growth and stomatal sensitivity to ABA in droughted pepper plants. Sciential Hortic., 96: 313-327.
[29] Kang S., Zhang L., Hu X., Goodwin I., and Jerrie, P. (2002). Soil water distribution, water use, and yield response to partial rootzone drying under a shallow ground water table condition in pear orchard. Sci. Hort. 92, 277-291.
[30] Magdoff, F. (1998), Nutrient management: Sustainable agriculture research and education program. Bulletin 672, Michingan State University/Extension.
[31] Manivannan P., Abdul Jaleel C., Sankar B., Kishorekumar A., Somasundaram R., Lakshmanan GMA.,Panneerselvam R. (2007). Growth biochemical modifications and proline metabolism in Helianthus annus L. as induced by drought stress. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 59: 141-149.
[32] Matthew, I. P. and Karikari, S. K. (1995),Horticulture Principles and Practices, Macmilliam Education Ltd., London.
[33] Moyin-Jesu, E. I. Evaluation of sole and amended organic fertilizers on soil fertility and growth of kola seedlings (Cola acuminata).Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 2009; 32(1): 17-23.
[34] Nkansah G.O., Okyere P, Coffie R. and Voisard J.M., 2007.Evaluation of four exportable hybrid okra varieties in three different ecological zones of Ghana.(Ghana J. of Horticulture Vol. 6:25 31).
[35] Norman, M. J. T., Pearson, C. J., and Searle, P. G. E. (1995). The ecology of tropical food crop 2nd Ed. Cambridge University Press. U. K.
[36] Nyarko, N. N. (2005). Comparative performance of vegetable marrow (Cucurbita pepo) under organic, inorganic and a combination of organic and inorganic nutrient regimes, Unpublished BSc. Dissertation, Crop Science Department, University of Ghana, Legon.
[37] Ofosu-Budu KG, 2003. Performance of citrus rootstocks in the forest zone of Ghana. Ghana Journal of Hort. 3, 1-9.
[38] Olaitan, S. O. and Lambin, G. (1988), Introducing to tropical soil science. Macmillan Publishers Ltd., London.
[39] Olson R. A. Army J. J., Hanway J. J. and Kilmer U. J. 1971. Premature fruit drop of hot pepper (C. Frutescens). The Legion of Agric Res. Bulletin. 2: 86.
[40] Ommen O. E., Donnelly A., Vanhoutvin S., van Oijen M., Manderscheid R. (1999). Chlorophyll content of spring wheat flag leaves grown under elevated CO concentrations and other environmental tresses within the ESPACE-wheat project. Eur. J. Agron. 10: 197-203.
[41] Purseglove, J.W (1968), Tropical Crops Dicotyledons 2. Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.
[42] Rahman S. M. Nawata E., and Sakuratani T. (1999). Effect of water stress on growth, yield and eco-physiological responses of four (Lycopenpersicon esculentum Mill) tomato cultivars. Jour. Japan Sci. Hort Sci. 6893): 499-504.
[43] Rambal, S. and Debussche, G. (1995). Water balance of Mediterranean ecosystems under a changing climate. Global change and Mediterranean –type ecosystems. Ecological studies, Vol. 117. (ed. By Jose M. Moreno, Walter C. Oechel), pp. 386-407. Springer Verlag, New York.
[44] Rogozinska J. and Flasinske S., (1987). The effect of the nutrient salt and osmotic stress on proline accumulation on oil seed rape plants. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 9, 61-8.
[45] Routley D. G. (1966). Proline accumulation in wilted ladino clover leaves. Crop Sci. 6: 358-361.
[46] Sanchez F. J. Manzanares M., de Andres E. F, Tenorio J. L., Ayerbe L. (1998). Turgor maintenance, osmostic adjustment and soluble sugar and proline accumulation in 49 pea cultivars in response to water stress. Field Crops Res 59: 225-235.
[47] Santana-Buzzy,N., Canto-Flick A. Z., Trujillo, J.G., Moreno-Valenzuela,O. and Sánchez-Cach., (2002).Effects of different factors on morphogenesis of chilli habanero (Capsicum chinense) in vitro. Proceedings of the 16th international pepper conference.Tamanlipas, Mesico. November 10-12, 2002.
[48] Singh T. N. A. D. and Paleg L. G. (1972). Proline accumulation and varietal adaptability to drought in barley: a potential metabolic measure of drought resistance. Nature New Biology 236: 188-190.
[49] Smirnoff N. (1995). Antioxidant systems and plant response to the environment. In: Smirnoff V (Ed.), Environment and Plant metabolism: Flexibility and Acclimation. BIOS Scientific Publishers, Oxford, UK.
[50] Smith, R., Hartz, T., Aguiar, J. and Molinar, R., 1998. Chile pepper production in California, University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 7244.
[51] Valenzuela, H. (2011). Farm and Forestry Production and Marketing Profile for Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum). In: Elevitch, C. R. (ed). Specialty crop for Pacific Island agroforestry.Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR).Holualoa, Hawaii. http: agroforestry.net/scps.
[52] Waggoner, P. E., Moss D. N. and Hesketh J. D. (1963). Radiation in the plant environment and photosynthesis. Agron. J. 55: 36.
[53] Weill, R. R. and Kroontje, W. (1977).Physical Condition of Davision Clay Loam After Five Years of Poultry Manure Application.J. Environ. Qual. 8 pp 387-392.
[54] Wein, H. C., 1998.Pepper. P. 259-293. In: H. C. Wein (ed). Physiology of vegetable Crops. CAB International, USA.
[55] Wolf, R. (1987),Organic farming: Yesterday’s and Tomorrow’s Agriculture Compywrite, Rodale Press Inc. New York, 344.
[56] Yoon, J.Y.; Green, S.K.; Tschanz, A.T.; Tosu, S.C.S. and Chang, L.C. (1989). Pepper improvement for the tropics: Problems and the AVRDC approach. In proceedings of tomato and pepper production in the tropics: International symposium on intergrated management practices. Tainan, Taiwan. March 21-26 1988. Pp. 86-98. (Cited by Bonsu,et. al., 2003).
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2018-06-14
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Voor, V. M., O. Nkansah, G., S. Smith, M., C. Page, Z., & Luther, Z. (2018). Effects of Different Water Regimes and Poultry Manure on Growth, Development and Yield of Hot Pepper (Capsicum annum L.). American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 44(1), 32–57. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/4113
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