Groundwater Potential Zones Mapping Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System Techniques (GIS) in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
Keywords:
GIS, Groundwater Mapping, Remote Sensing, Sustainable Development, Water Supply.Abstract
This study has attempted to map groundwater potentials in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria using the techniques of remote sensing and Geographic Information System. Groundwater is a very important source for water supply, considering its availability, quality, cost and time effective to develop, and simple accessibility. It is virtually everywhere and yet variable in quantity. In some areas within the study area it was observed that there are frequent occurrences of well/borehole dry-up. Therefore, it is important to assess the variation of groundwater in the area in order to enhance its exploration as well as conserving and managing the resource. Landsat ETM+ and GDEM by ASTER, conventional data as well as meteorological data were used to characterize the underground resource by direct observation of the surface and sub-surface hydrologic controlling factors. Based on these factors eight thematic maps of drainage density, geology, geomorphology, land cover, lineament, rainfall, slope, and soil were developed. The influence of each theme and sub units/classes to groundwater recharge based on previous studies was evaluated using the analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The groundwater potential map was produced by the weighted index overlay model in GIS. The groundwater prospects were mapped in five categories: very good, good, moderate, low and very low zone. The very good zones cover 2.99km2 (0.55%) of the total size of the study area. While the good, moderate, low, and very low zone covers 59.72km2 (11.00%), 263.85km2 (48.60%), 197.89km2 (36.45%), and 18.46km2 (3.40%) respectively. Very good and good groundwater promising zones occur in the alluvium deposits along river channels and vegetated areas.
The very low zones occur in the low lineament density, high drainage density, high slopes, luvisol, built up, and rock outcrops. The results of the study have contributed to the existing body of knowledge by adding information on the location of favorable zones of groundwater and well/borehole failures. Hence, the study will facilitate the reduction of time, cost, and labor in the quest for groundwater in the area.
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