Acetylation of Cotton Stalk for Cellulose Acetate Production
Keywords:
Cotton Stalk, Acetylation, Cellulose Acetate, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization.Abstract
Cellulose acetate polymers were developed from pretreated cotton stalk (cellulose). The cellulose was acetylated through reaction with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst. The relationship between reaction time, catalyst loading and temperature on the weight percent gain and percent acetyl content of the cellulose acetate were investigated. Optimization of process conditions for acetylation via response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that the maximum weight percent gain (WPG) and percent acetyl content (PAC) were 50.79% and 43.73% respectively. The corresponding optimum operating conditions were 2.76 hrs, 6.09 wt% and 40.07 oC, for reaction time, catalyst loading and temperature respectively, while glacial acetic acid to cellulose ratio and acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio were 6:1 and 4.36:1 respectively. The result revealed that acetylation of cellulose extracted from cotton stalk was successful as indicated by the characteristic peaks in the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra and the decrease in the degree of crystallinity observed in the XRD patterns.
References
[2] Narayan R. Drivers for biodegradable/compostable plastics and role of composting in waste management and sustainable agriculture. Orbit Journal, (2001), 1(1):1–9.
[3] Obot I.B., Israel, A.U., Umoven, S.A., Mkpenie, V. Asuquo, J.E. Production of cellulosic polymers from agricultural waste, (2008).
[4] Saha B.C. Hemicellulose bioconversion. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (2003), 30:279-291.
[5] Chang, V.S. and M.T. Holtzapple. Fundamental factors affecting biomass enzymatic reactivity. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - Part A Enzyme Engineering and Biotechnolog, (2000), 84-86: 5-37.
[6] Candido R.G., Godoy, G.G., and Goncalves, A.R. Study on sugarcane baggasse pretreatment with sulfuric acid as a step of obtaining cellulose. WASET (2012), 61:101-105
[7] Nigam PS, Gupta N, Anthwal A. Pre-treatment of agro-industrial residues. In: Nigam PS, Pandey A, eds. Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues utilization. 1 ed. Netherlands: Springer; 2009:13-33.
[8] Guangzhi, Z., Kai, H., Xue, J., Dan, H. And Yiqi, Y. Acetylation of rice straw for thermoplastic applications.Journal of carbohydrates polymers. (2013), 96, 218 - 226
[9] Gaurav Kumar Gupta. Characterisation and pretreatment of cotton gin waster” Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering National Institute of Technology, Rourkela. (2009).
[10] Gettrdan, J. Heterogenous process for acetylation of cellulose. Pure and Applied Chemistry, (1967), 14(3-4), 507 -522.
[11] Hu, C., Reddy, N., Yan, K., and Yang, Y. Acetylation of chicken feathers for thermoplastic applications. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, (2011), 59(19), 10517-10523
[12] Ifuku, S. Noji, M. Abe, K. Handa, K. Nakatsubo, F. Yano, H. (2007): Biomacromolecules 8:1973 – 1978.
[13] Sassi, J.F., & Chanzy, H. Ultrastructural aspects of the acetylation of cellulose. Cellulose, (1995), 2, 111 – 127.
[14] Diana, C., Florin, C.and Valentin, I. P. (2011).Amorphous Cellulose – Structure and Characterization. Cellulose Chemistry and Technology. 45 (1-2), 13-21
[15] Ozmen, N., Nihat, S.C., Fatih, M., Emre, B., and Kadir, K. Effect of Acetylation on Wood Polyethylene Composite. Journal of Bioresources, (2013), 8(1), 753 – 767.
[16] Jinghua, Yuan, Dong Dum, Nancy M.C. and Ray J.N. Characterisation of cellulose acetate films: formulation effects on the thermo-mechanical properties and permeability of free films and coatings films. Publication of pharmaceutical Technology, (2009), V33, PP 888-100
[17] Barkalow, D.G. Rowell, R.M. and Young, R.A. Acetylation of Mechanical Pulp with subsequent Isolation of Cellulose acetate by diferential solubility. University of Wisconsin, Department of forestry, 1630 Linden drive, Madison. (2008).
[18] Colom, X., Carrillo, F., Nogues, F., and Garriga, P. Structural analysis of photodegraded wood by means of FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer Degradation and Stability, (2003). 80, 543 – 549.
[19] R. Arunachalam and G. Annadurai. Optimized RSM for adsorption of dyestuff from aqueous solution. (2010), pp. 5.
[20] K. A. Bulent, T. Murat, H. Ibrahim and V. Hasan. Solar drying of red peppers: Effects of air velocity and particle size. Journal of applied science. (2003), pp. 7 and 9.
[21] Muthuvelayudham R. and Viruthagiri T. Application of Central Composite Design based Response Surface Metholodogy in parameter optmisation and on cellulose production using agricultural waste. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 37. (2010).
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.