Depression and Treatment of Depression in Neurofeedback
Keywords:
depression, neurofeedback, neurofeedback treatment protocols.Abstract
At the root of all our thoughts, emotions and behaviors lay the intricate networks of communication among the trillions of neurons within our brains. A measurement of this communication activity, like the rhythm or pulse of a flowing river, is the brainwaves. Brainwaves are tiny pulses of the electrical activity that are produced as the neurons communicate with each other. By influencing these electrical patterns, we can change the brains communication. This means that when there are patterns set up within the brain that are not working correctly there will be corresponding problems. These patterns are sometimes referred to as pathologically stable patterns. The pathological patterns can arise from a variety of possible stressors, i.e. abuse, physical trauma, emotional trauma, chronic continuous stress, worry, anxiety, etc. As a response to the perceived threat, the brain has adopted a protective patter in an effort to deal with the past (it can be just a memory) or present trauma. The brain is simply doing the best it can to protect us and enable us to deal with the real or unreal dangers and threats it perceives. A huge list of disorders can be traced to this underlying problem.
References
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[2] b Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
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[13] Demos JN. Getting started with neurofeedback: WW Norton & Company; 2005.3-22
[14] Sterman , M. B. and Kaiser , D. ( 2001) . Comodulation: A new QEEG analysis metric for assessment of structural and functional disorders of the central nervous system73. – 83 .4 ( 3), . Journal of y ,Neurotherap.
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[18] Baehr , E. , Rosenfeld , J. P. , Baehr , R. and Earnest , C. ( 1999) . Clinical use of an alpha asymmetry neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of mood disorders . In Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback ( J. R. Evans and A. Arbarbanel , eds) , pp. 181 – 203 . New York : Academic Press .
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[21] . Henriques , J. B. and Davidson , R. J. ( 1990) . Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed and healthy control subjects . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 , 22 – 33 .
[22] Davidson , R. J. , Abercrombie , H. , Nischke , J. B. and Putnam , K. ( 1999a ) . Regional brain function, emotion and disorders of emotion . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 9 , 228 – 234 .
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[26] Field , T. , Fox , N. , Pickens , J. and Nawrocki , R. ( 1995) . Relative right frontal EEG activation in 3- to 6- month-old infants of “depressed ” mothers . Developmental Psychology , 26 , 7 – 14 .
[27] Jones , N. A., Field , T. , Fox , N. A., Lundy , B. and Davalos , M. ( 1997) . EEG activation in 1-month-old infants of depressed mothers . Developmental Psychopathology , 9 , 491 – 505 .
[28] Smit , D. J. A., Posthuma , D. , Boomsma , D. I. and DeGeus , E. J. C. ( 2006) . The relation between frontal EEG asymmetry and the risk for anxiety and depression . Biological Psychology , 74 ( 1) , 26 – 33 .
[29] Anokhin , A. P. , Heath , A. C. and Myers , E. ( 2006) . Genetic and environmental infl uences on frontal EEG asymmetry: A twin study . Biological Psychiatry , 71 ( 3) , 295 – 298 .
[30] Vuga , M. , Fox , N. A., Cohn , J. F. , George , C. J. , Lenenstein , R. M. and Kovacs , M. ( 2006) . Long-term stability of frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in adults with a history of depression and controls . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 59 ( 2) , 107 – 115 .
[31] Allen , J. J. B. , Urry , H. L., Hitt , S. K. and Coan , J. A. ( 2004a ) . The stability of resting frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in depression . Psychophysiology , 41 , 269 – 280.
[32] Askew, J. H. (2001). The diagnosis of depression using psychometric instruments and quantitative measures of electroencephalographic activity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee.
[33] Davidson , R. J. ( 1994) . Asymmetric brain function, affective style and psychopathology: The role of experience and plasticity . Development and Psychopathology , 6 , 741 – 758 .
[34] Deldin , P. J. and Chiu , P. ( 2005) . Cognitive restructuring and EEG in major depression . Biological Psychology , 70 ( 3) , 41 – 151 .
[35] Armitage , R. , Hudson , A. , Trivedi , M. and Rush , A. J. ( 1995) . Sex differences in the distribution of EEG frequencies during sleep: Unipolar depressed outpatients . Journal of Affective Disorders , 34 , 121 – 129 .
[36] Joseph , R. ( 1999) . Frontal lobe psychopathology: Mania, depression, confabulation, catatonia, perseveration, obsessive compulsions, and schizophrenia . Psychiatry , 62 , 138 – 172 .
[37] Schwartz , G. E., Davidson , R. J. and Maer , F. ( 1975) . Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: Interactions with cognition . Science , 190 , 286 – 288 .
[38] Tenke , C. E., Bruder , G. E.,Towey , J. P. , Leite , P. and Sidtis , J. ( 1993) . Correspondence between ERP and behavioral asymmetries for complex tones . Psychophysiology , 30 , 62 – 70 .
[39] Jaeger , J. , Borod , J. C. and Peselow , E. ( 1987) . Depressed patients have atypical biases in perception of emotional faces . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 , 321 – 324 .
[40] Bruder , G. E.,Tenke , C. E., Warner , V. and Weissman , M. M. ( 2007) . Grandchildren at high and low risk for depression differ in EEG measures of regional brain asymmetry . Biological Psychiatry , 62 .
[41] Hammond , D. C. ( 2005b ) . Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety . Journal of Adult Development , 12 ( 2/3) , 131 – 137 .
[42] Peniston , E. G. , Marrinan , D.A., Deming , W. A. and Kulkosky , P. J. ( 1993) . EEG alpha–theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse . Advances in Medical Psychotherapy , 6 , 37 – 50 .
[43] Saxby , E. and Peniston , E. G. ( 1995) . Alpha–theta brainwave neurofeedback training: An effective treatment for male and female alcoholics with depressive symptoms . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 51 ( 5) , 685 – 693.
[44] Frank H. Duffy, MD’ Associate Editor for Neurology, Clinical EEG Journal, 2000
[45] A. Martin Wuttke’ Neurofeedback therapy’ Handbook for the practitioner’ Part Number M-oo1 - Version 1.0 - August 1, 2004.
[46] A. Martin Wuttke’ Neurofeedback therapy’ Handbook for the practitioner’ Part Number M-oo1 - Version 1.0 - August 1, 2004
[47] Antonuccio , D. O. , Danton , W. G. , DeNelsky , G. Y. , Greenberg , R. P. and Gordon , J. S. ( 1999) . Raising questions about antidepressants . Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics , 68 , 3 – 14 .
[48] Greenberg , R. P. , Bornstein , R. F. , Greenberg , M. D. and Fisher , S. ( 1992) . A meta-analysis of antidepressant outcome under “blinder ” conditions . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 60 , 664 – 669 .
[49] Hammond , D. C. ( 2007a ) . Hypnosis, placebos, and systematic research bias in biological psychiatry . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 50 ( 1) , 37 – 47 .
[50] Kirsch , I. , Moore , T. J. , Scoboria , A. and Nicholls , S. S. ( 2002) . The emperor’s new drugs: An analysis of
[51] antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Prevention & Treatment , 5 . Article 23. http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/
[52] Moncrieff , J. ( 2001) . Are antidepressants overrated? A review of methodological problems in antidepressant trials . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 ( 5) , 288 – 295 .
[53] Elkin , I. , Shea , T. , Watkins , J. T. , et al. ( 1989) . National Institute of Mental Health treatment of depression collaborative research program: General effectiveness of treatments . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 , 971 – 982 .
[54] Hollon , S. D. , Shelton , R. C. and Loosen , P. T. ( 1991) . Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 , 88 – 99 .
[2] b Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. 2013.
[3] Gotlib IH, Ranganath C, Rosenfeld JP: Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry, depression, and cognitive functioning. Cogn Emot 1998; 12: 449–478.
[4] Johnstone T, van Reekum CM, Urry HL, Kalin NH, Davidson RJ: Failure to regulate counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression.J Neurosci 2007; 27: 8877–8884.
[5] Dawson G, Panagiotides H, Klinger LG, Spieker S: Infants of depressed and mothers exhibit differences in frontal nondepressed brain electrical activity during the expression of negative emotions. Dev Psychol1997; 33: 650–656
[6] Vuga M, Fox NA, Cohn JF, George CJ, Levenstein RM, Kovacs M: Long-term stability of frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in adults with a history of depression and controls. Int J Psychophysiol 2006; 59: 107–115..
[7] Lewis, A. J. (1934). Melancholia: a clinical survey of depressive states. Journal of Mental Science, 80(329), 277-378.
[8] Hamilton, J. P., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008). Neural substrates of increased memory sensitivity for negative stimuli in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 63(12), 1155-1162.
[9] Delgado, P. L. (2000). Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. Journal of clinical Psychiatry, 61, 7-11.
[10] Murck, H., Nickel, T., Kunzel, H., Antonijevic, I. A., Schill, J., Zobel, A., et al. (2003). State markers of depression in sleep EEG: dependency on drug and gender in patients treated with tianeptine or paroxetine. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(2), 348-358
[11] Hunter, A. M., Leuchter, A. F., Morgan, M. L., & Cook, I. A. (2006). Changes in brain function (Quantitative EEG Cordance) during placebo lead-in and treatment outcomes in clinical trials for major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(8), 1426-1432
[12] Bruder, G. E., Sedoruk, J. P., Stewart, J. W., McGrath, P. J., Quitkin, F. M., & Tenke, C. E. (2008). Electroencephalographic alpha measures predict therapeutic response to a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant: pre- and post-treatment findings. Biological Psychiatry, 63(12), 1171-1177.
[13] Demos JN. Getting started with neurofeedback: WW Norton & Company; 2005.3-22
[14] Sterman , M. B. and Kaiser , D. ( 2001) . Comodulation: A new QEEG analysis metric for assessment of structural and functional disorders of the central nervous system73. – 83 .4 ( 3), . Journal of y ,Neurotherap.
[15] Hammond, D. (2004). Neurofeedback treatment of depression with the Roshi. Journal of Neurotherapy, 4(2), 45-56
[16] Brown,v,s.(2000)the role of40 hz activity and the journal of neurothrapy,4(2),100-101.
[17] Baehr , E. , Rosenfeld , J. P. and Baehr , R. ( 1997) . The clinical use of an alpha asymmetry neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of depression: Two case studies . Journal of Neurotherapy , 293 , 10 – 23 .
[18] Baehr , E. , Rosenfeld , J. P. , Baehr , R. and Earnest , C. ( 1999) . Clinical use of an alpha asymmetry neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of mood disorders . In Introduction to Quantitative EEG and Neurofeedback ( J. R. Evans and A. Arbarbanel , eds) , pp. 181 – 203 . New York : Academic Press .
[19] Baehr, E. (2002). Frontal Asymmetry and Brief Mood Shifts in Normal and Depressed Subjects. Unpublished paper, Society for Neuronal Regulation, 10 th Annual Conference. Scottsdale, AZ.
[20] Rosenfeld , J. P. , Baehr , E. , Baehr , R. , Gottlieb , I. H. and Ranganath , C. ( 1996) . Preliminary evidence that daily changes in frontal alpha asymmetry correlate with changes in affect in therapy sessions International Journal of Psychophysiology , 23 , 137 – 141 .
[21] . Henriques , J. B. and Davidson , R. J. ( 1990) . Regional brain electrical asymmetries discriminate between previously depressed and healthy control subjects . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 99 , 22 – 33 .
[22] Davidson , R. J. , Abercrombie , H. , Nischke , J. B. and Putnam , K. ( 1999a ) . Regional brain function, emotion and disorders of emotion . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 9 , 228 – 234 .
[23] Gotlib , I. H., Ranganath , C. and Rosenfeld , J. P. ( 1998) . Frontal EEG alpha asymmetry, depression, and cognitive functioning . Cognition and Emotion , 12 , 449 – 478 .
[24] Tomarken , A. J. , Diehter , G. S. , Garber , J. and Simien , C. ( 2004) . Resting frontal brain activity linages to maternal depression and socio-economic status among adolescents . Biological Psychology , 67 , 77 – 102 .
[25] Dawson , G. , Grofer Klinger , L. , Panagiotides , H. , Spieker , S. and Frey , K. ( 1992) . Infants of mothers with depressed symptoms: Electroencephalographic and behavioral fi ndings related to attachment status . Development & Psychopathology , 4 , 67 – 80 .
[26] Field , T. , Fox , N. , Pickens , J. and Nawrocki , R. ( 1995) . Relative right frontal EEG activation in 3- to 6- month-old infants of “depressed ” mothers . Developmental Psychology , 26 , 7 – 14 .
[27] Jones , N. A., Field , T. , Fox , N. A., Lundy , B. and Davalos , M. ( 1997) . EEG activation in 1-month-old infants of depressed mothers . Developmental Psychopathology , 9 , 491 – 505 .
[28] Smit , D. J. A., Posthuma , D. , Boomsma , D. I. and DeGeus , E. J. C. ( 2006) . The relation between frontal EEG asymmetry and the risk for anxiety and depression . Biological Psychology , 74 ( 1) , 26 – 33 .
[29] Anokhin , A. P. , Heath , A. C. and Myers , E. ( 2006) . Genetic and environmental infl uences on frontal EEG asymmetry: A twin study . Biological Psychiatry , 71 ( 3) , 295 – 298 .
[30] Vuga , M. , Fox , N. A., Cohn , J. F. , George , C. J. , Lenenstein , R. M. and Kovacs , M. ( 2006) . Long-term stability of frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in adults with a history of depression and controls . International Journal of Psychophysiology , 59 ( 2) , 107 – 115 .
[31] Allen , J. J. B. , Urry , H. L., Hitt , S. K. and Coan , J. A. ( 2004a ) . The stability of resting frontal electroencephalographic asymmetry in depression . Psychophysiology , 41 , 269 – 280.
[32] Askew, J. H. (2001). The diagnosis of depression using psychometric instruments and quantitative measures of electroencephalographic activity. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee.
[33] Davidson , R. J. ( 1994) . Asymmetric brain function, affective style and psychopathology: The role of experience and plasticity . Development and Psychopathology , 6 , 741 – 758 .
[34] Deldin , P. J. and Chiu , P. ( 2005) . Cognitive restructuring and EEG in major depression . Biological Psychology , 70 ( 3) , 41 – 151 .
[35] Armitage , R. , Hudson , A. , Trivedi , M. and Rush , A. J. ( 1995) . Sex differences in the distribution of EEG frequencies during sleep: Unipolar depressed outpatients . Journal of Affective Disorders , 34 , 121 – 129 .
[36] Joseph , R. ( 1999) . Frontal lobe psychopathology: Mania, depression, confabulation, catatonia, perseveration, obsessive compulsions, and schizophrenia . Psychiatry , 62 , 138 – 172 .
[37] Schwartz , G. E., Davidson , R. J. and Maer , F. ( 1975) . Right hemisphere lateralization for emotion in the human brain: Interactions with cognition . Science , 190 , 286 – 288 .
[38] Tenke , C. E., Bruder , G. E.,Towey , J. P. , Leite , P. and Sidtis , J. ( 1993) . Correspondence between ERP and behavioral asymmetries for complex tones . Psychophysiology , 30 , 62 – 70 .
[39] Jaeger , J. , Borod , J. C. and Peselow , E. ( 1987) . Depressed patients have atypical biases in perception of emotional faces . Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 96 , 321 – 324 .
[40] Bruder , G. E.,Tenke , C. E., Warner , V. and Weissman , M. M. ( 2007) . Grandchildren at high and low risk for depression differ in EEG measures of regional brain asymmetry . Biological Psychiatry , 62 .
[41] Hammond , D. C. ( 2005b ) . Neurofeedback treatment of depression and anxiety . Journal of Adult Development , 12 ( 2/3) , 131 – 137 .
[42] Peniston , E. G. , Marrinan , D.A., Deming , W. A. and Kulkosky , P. J. ( 1993) . EEG alpha–theta brainwave synchronization in Vietnam theater veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse . Advances in Medical Psychotherapy , 6 , 37 – 50 .
[43] Saxby , E. and Peniston , E. G. ( 1995) . Alpha–theta brainwave neurofeedback training: An effective treatment for male and female alcoholics with depressive symptoms . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 51 ( 5) , 685 – 693.
[44] Frank H. Duffy, MD’ Associate Editor for Neurology, Clinical EEG Journal, 2000
[45] A. Martin Wuttke’ Neurofeedback therapy’ Handbook for the practitioner’ Part Number M-oo1 - Version 1.0 - August 1, 2004.
[46] A. Martin Wuttke’ Neurofeedback therapy’ Handbook for the practitioner’ Part Number M-oo1 - Version 1.0 - August 1, 2004
[47] Antonuccio , D. O. , Danton , W. G. , DeNelsky , G. Y. , Greenberg , R. P. and Gordon , J. S. ( 1999) . Raising questions about antidepressants . Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics , 68 , 3 – 14 .
[48] Greenberg , R. P. , Bornstein , R. F. , Greenberg , M. D. and Fisher , S. ( 1992) . A meta-analysis of antidepressant outcome under “blinder ” conditions . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 60 , 664 – 669 .
[49] Hammond , D. C. ( 2007a ) . Hypnosis, placebos, and systematic research bias in biological psychiatry . American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis , 50 ( 1) , 37 – 47 .
[50] Kirsch , I. , Moore , T. J. , Scoboria , A. and Nicholls , S. S. ( 2002) . The emperor’s new drugs: An analysis of
[51] antidepressant medication data submitted to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Prevention & Treatment , 5 . Article 23. http://www.journals.apa.org/prevention/
[52] Moncrieff , J. ( 2001) . Are antidepressants overrated? A review of methodological problems in antidepressant trials . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 189 ( 5) , 288 – 295 .
[53] Elkin , I. , Shea , T. , Watkins , J. T. , et al. ( 1989) . National Institute of Mental Health treatment of depression collaborative research program: General effectiveness of treatments . Archives of General Psychiatry , 46 , 971 – 982 .
[54] Hollon , S. D. , Shelton , R. C. and Loosen , P. T. ( 1991) . Cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 59 , 88 – 99 .
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2014-07-21
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Maleki, L., & Bafandeh, H. (2014). Depression and Treatment of Depression in Neurofeedback. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 9(1), 47–63. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/680
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