Women and Unemployment in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: Determinants and Consequences
Keywords:
Unemployment, gender, women, gender division of labor and discrimination.Abstract
Even if women make up half of the world’s population, their contribution to measured economic activity, growth, and well-being is far below its potential. Besides, employment of women in economic sectors has important effect on their life, family and the country as a whole. However, the gap between women and men in paid employment remains wide in many parts of the world. These issues of women encompassing determinants and consequences of unemployment on them are not well articulated. Thus, the main objective of this study was to examine the socio-cultural and demographic determinants of employment status of women and the consequence of unemployment on women in Bahir Dar City, Amhara region. To carry out this study, mixed research approach specifically convergent parallel design was used. To investigate this, primary and secondary data sources were utilized. Additionally, questioner and in-depth interview were used as the data gathering instruments for quantitative and qualitative respectively. Besides, 388 respondents were selected by using simple random sampling technique for quantitative technique and 11 participants were selected by purposive sampling technique for qualitative technique. The analytical techniques used in this study were descriptive statistics such as frequency of tables as well as cross tabulation and binary logistic regression for quantitative data and thematic way of data analysis for qualitative one. The descriptive statistics result showed that 61.1 % were employed where as 38.9 %were unemployed. In view of that training skills obtained, family size and household headship were found to be the significant determinants of women’s employment status. Moreover , poor living standard and dependency, domestic violence, unwanted marriage and unwanted pregnancy, low level of social participation (isolation ), hopelessness and anxiety (stressful life) , addiction by intoxication of alcohol and other forms of drug, less satisfaction in marital life , divorce , prostitution , allowing to be the victim of sexually transmitted disease like HIV-AIDS, increasing future shocks were found to be the consequence of unemployment on women in the study area .Furthermore, the study has discovered that it is still not easy for many women to enter the formal labor market even though the situation has altered over time. Thus, the major challenge encountering the present government of the city is how to address this issue.
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[61] Perrons, D. ‘‘Women and gender equity in employment’’. Pattern progress and challenges in London: London school of economics. UK. 2009.
[62] Pettinger. 2010. Measurement of unemployment, and summery of types of unemployment. available 2014 http://www.economic help .org.
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[68] United Nation Development Program*. ‘’Poverty, unemployment and social exclusion incase of Croatia. Croatia’’. 2006, http://www.undp.
[69] US Department of labour*. ‘‘Unemployment, race, gender and marital status’’: State University. 2006. Available 2014 from http://jops.state university .com
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[2] Ahn, N., Garcia, J., Ramon, B., Jimino, J. F. (2004). ‘‘European network of economic policy research’’. Madrid. Spain. Available www.sopol.at/get_file.php.
[3] Albandoz, P. J., and Barreiro, L. P. Population and sample and Sampling techniques. Seville: University of Seville, 2001.
[4] American Psychological Association*.‘‘Psychological effect of unemployment and under employment’’: American psychological Association. March 03, 2014 from. http://www.a,a.org
[5] Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wald worth, J., and Wilson, j. Unemployment and domestic violence: Theory and Evidence: University of Bonn. Germany. (2013). http://ftp.iza.org.
[6] Assaad, R., Elthmaidi, F., and Ahmed, A. (2000). The determinants of women employment status in Egypt: International food policy research institute. United States of America. Available http://ageconsearch.umn.edu.
[7] Barwell, R. Age structure and the UK unemployment. London: Bank of England. United Kingdom. 2011.
[8] Beggs*. ‘‘Types of unemployment’’. March, 2014, http://economics .about .com.
[9] Beyerstein, L*. ‘‘Prostitution and Unemployment benefits’’. April, 2014, from http://majikthise type pad .com.
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[12] Birhanu Alene, Getachew Tsegaye, Taye Zinale, Wubante Fetene, Zelalem Yirga. Bahir Dar City profile: Bahirdar University. Bahir Dar. Ethiopia, 2012.
[13] Boyce, C., and Neale, P. 2006. ‘‘Conducting in-depth interview’’: A guide for designing and conducting in-depth interview for evaluation input: Path finder international.13/2,124-27 Available http://www.cpc.unc.edu.
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[15] Broussard, H., and Tsegaye Gebremedin. ‘‘Youth unemployment’’, masters, Ethiopian country study. Sussex: University of Sussex. UK. 2012.
[16] Btang*. ‘‘Causes and Consequences of unemployment’.’ Internet http://www.the peak time’s world press.
[17] Budria, S., and Pereira, T. P. The contribution of vocational training to employment, job related skills and productivity: Madeira: Madereia University. German. 2008. 405-407.
[18] Bushey, H*. ‘‘Unemployment among married couples’’ .Unemployment continuous to plaque families in today’s tough job market: Center for American progress. , 2010.
[19] Contreras, D., and Plaza, G*. ‘‘Cultural factors in women’s labor force participation in Chile’.’ (2010).
[20] Crabtree, B and Miller, W. ‘‘Doing qualitative research. Newyork’’: Sage publications. (1992).
[21] Creswell, J. ‘‘Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods ’’. Sage Publications. (2003).
[22] Desta Solomon. 2008. ‘‘Research study on women entrepreneurs association in Ethiopia’’: Center for African women empowerment. 16/5.45-49 www.enterprise-development.org.
[23] Doyle, C., Kavanagh, P., Metcal, T., and Levin, T*. ‘‘Health impact of unemployment’’ .Ireland: Institute of public health in Ireland. 2005.
[24] Eiselen, R., and Tinauys.U ‘‘analyzing survey data using spss’’ Johannesburg: University of Johannesburg. South Africa.2005.
[25] European Commission. 2010. Education and long term unemployment. Retrieved on 04, 2014, from http://www.europian commission .com.
[26] Fischer, S., A. ‘‘mixed methods research’’: southeastern university. (ND)
[27] Fitzenberger, B., Wnderlich, G., Schnabel, R. ‘‘Gender gap in labor market participation and employment’’, A cohort analysis for West Germany. Mannheim University. 2001.
[28] Floro, S., Valodia, I., and Komatsu, H. ‘‘Gender dimension of social networking, unemployment and underemployment’’ what time use data reveal. Washington: American university.USA. 2008.
[29] Geddes, M., Robinson, M., and Lockyer*. ‘‘literature review pertaining to the employment of women in north western Ontario’’. Ontario: Government of Canada. Canada. 2000. Internet: www.docstoc.com.
[30] Geoff, R *. ‘‘Consequence of unemployment’’. 2011 Internet: http://www.tutor.2u.net/blog/index.
[31] Gezahege Ayele, Hayat Yusuf. ‘‘Enabling the private sector to contribute to the education of urban youth unemployment in Ethiopia’’. MA thesis .Addis Abeba: Addis Abeba University .2010.
[32] Habtamu Wondimu, Hirut Tefete, Konjit Ketetew, and Yusuf Abdi*. ‘‘Gender and cross culture dynamics in Ethiopia’’: Addis Abeba university. Internet: March 21, 2014, from www.tandfonline.com.
[33] Hasset, A. K., and Searle, G*. ‘‘Testimony before the joint economic committee long term unemployment: consequences and solutions’’.American enterprise institute of public policy research. USA. Internet: April 23, 2013, www.policyuncertainty.com/app/Hasset.
[34] Hirut, T*. ‘‘Violence against women from gender and cultural perspective reflections’’ .documentation on the forum on gender. Addis Abeba .Ethiopia. Internet: April 01, 2014.preventgbvafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/panosreflect7.pdf.
[35] ILO Bureau of Statistics*. ‘‘Measurement of employment, unemployment and underemployment’’ internet: February 12, 2014, http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site.
[36] Indri an, M., and Neetha, N*. ‘‘Gender dimensions: employment trends in India’’. 1993-94 to 2009-2010. New Delhi. Internet: 2014, www.jppc.ro/reviste.
[37] International Labor Organization*. ‘‘Labor flexibility and employment and income security in Ethiopia’’. Geneva. Switzerland. Retrived Aprile 3, 2014, from http://www.rrojasdatabank.
[38] International Labor Organization. ‘‘Growth-employment-poverty reduction linkages’’: a framework for recovery and accelerated progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. Economic Report on Africa. Internet: April 04, 2014. From Http://books.google.com.et/books
[39] International Labor Organization. ‘‘Global employment trends for Women’’.Geneva. Switzerland. 2012. http://www.ilo
[40] International Labor Organization*. ‘‘Global employment trends for Youth’’. Geneva. Switzerland. Internet: March 11, 2014, from http://www.rcsa.
[41] International Monterey fund*. ‘‘Women, work and the economy’’ : Macroeconomic gains from gender equality. 2013. Internet: www. Inf.org/external /pubs.
[42] Jacob, O. ‘‘Causes of unemployment of the youth’’’, MA thesis, Case study of Manyana village in busa district: Makerere University. 2011.
[43] Kothari, R.C. Research methodology. Methods and techniques. Jaipur: New age international. University of Rajasthan, India,2004,79-84
[44] Krogh, E., Hansen, T., Wendt, S., and Elkjaer, M*. ‘‘Promoting employment of women as strategy for poverty reduction’’. Paris: OECD. France. 2009. Internet: www.oecd.org/dac/poverty.
[45] Kumar, S .M*. ‘‘Gender discrimination and women’s development in India’’: Chikkaiah Naicker collage of Erode. 2008. Internet : Mpra.ub.uni muenchen.de.
[46] Lawrence, H., Christian, P., Chizuru, N., Agus, Q., and Alison, S*. ‘‘Food security and nutrition division bias’’. Washington DC: Food policy research institute. USA. 1996. Internet: http://www.ifpri.org/site.
[47] Leahy, L. R*. ‘‘Unemployment and anxiety’’. Newyork: American institute for cognitive theory.USA. 2009. Internet: www.abct.org/docs.
[48] Mahelewel, C*. ‘‘Factors associated with women unemployment in South Africa’’. 2009, internet: http://www.statssa.gov.za/is:2009.scientific.
[49] Marshall, k*. ‘‘Converging gender roles. Statistics of Canada’’. Canada. 2006. Internet : http://statcan.gc.ca/pub
[50] Martha Kibru. ‘‘Employment challenges in Ethiopia’’. MA thesis. Addis Abeba: AddisAbeba University. Ethiopia. 2012.
[51] Meager, N. ‘‘the role of training and skills development in active labor market policies’’ .Brighton: University of Sussex. UK. 2008,11-16.
[52] Mesifin. ‘‘Determinant of women unemployment in Ethiopia’’. MA thesis. Addis Abeba University. Ethiopia. Unpublished. 2012..
[53] Meron Hailesilasie. The role of micro finance in empowering women in Addis Abeba, MA thesis: Addis Abeba University, Ethiopia, 2007.
[54] Mincer. C*. ‘‘Education and the unemployment of women’’. Newyork: National bureau of economic research working paper. 2014 internet: www.nber.org/papers/w3837.
[55] Minister of Education of Ethiopian. Economics for grade eleven. Addis Ababa: Minister of Education. Ethiopia,2006,123-27
[56] Minister of Labor and Social affair of Ethiopia. (2009). National employment policy of Ethiopia. AddisAbeba. Ethiopia, 2009,57-63.
[57] Nanayakkara, A.G. Employment and unemployment in Serilinka. Trends, issues and options Serilinka: Department of census and statistics Colombo, 2004, 90-112
[58] National Suicide Prevention Coalition. 2010. Unemployment, financial problems and suicide. Available http://parecovery.org/service.
[59] Ollikainen, V. ‘‘Gender differences in unemployment in Finland’’.Jyvas kyla : University of Jyvaskyla. Finland. 2006.
[60] Onwuegbuzie, J. A., and leech, N. 2005. ‘‘On becoming a pragmatic researcher’’: the importance of combing qualitative and quantitative research Methodology .Rutledge: International journal of social research methodology, 5(1), 375-387. Retrieved April, available files.eric.ed.gov/full text.
[61] Perrons, D. ‘‘Women and gender equity in employment’’. Pattern progress and challenges in London: London school of economics. UK. 2009.
[62] Pettinger. 2010. Measurement of unemployment, and summery of types of unemployment. available 2014 http://www.economic help .org.
[63] Schmitt, C. ‘‘Gender specific effects of unemployment on family formulation’’. Across national perspective. Berlin: Germen institute of development studies. Germen .2008.
[64] Sharme, A. ‘‘Wellbeing of youth: impact of unemployment’’: World science publisher. United States. 2012.
[65] Stark, O., and Fan, S. ‘‘the prospect of migration, sticky wages, and educated unemployment’’ .Bonn: Center for development studies: University of Bonn. Germany. 2011.
[66] Stevens, C. 2009. Green jobs and women workers employment, equality and equity: International labor organization foundation for sustainable development. Available http//www.sustinable labour.org.
[67] Suda, C. 2002. ‘Gender disparities in Kenyan labor market’’. Implication for poverty reduction: University of Nairobi. Kenya. 11(3), 301-321. Available, http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files.
[68] United Nation Development Program*. ‘’Poverty, unemployment and social exclusion incase of Croatia. Croatia’’. 2006, http://www.undp.
[69] US Department of labour*. ‘‘Unemployment, race, gender and marital status’’: State University. 2006. Available 2014 from http://jops.state university .com
[70] Wach, H., and Reeves, H. ‘‘Gender and Development’’. Prepared for department for international development (DFID) for its gender mainstreaming intranet resources. Sussex: Sussex institute of development studies.UK. 2000.
[71] Wotton, B*. ‘‘Gender differences in occupational employment’’. Monthly labor review. 1997. Available http://stats.bls.gov.
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2014-06-21
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Dessie, W. A. (2014). Women and Unemployment in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia: Determinants and Consequences. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 8(1), 14–41. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/621
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