Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Rubella Susceptibility Among Obstetric Population in Metropolis Antenatal Centre Kano, Nigeria
Keywords:
Chronic, Hepatitis B virus, Infection, Obstetrics, Rubella, Sero-markers, Susceptibility.Abstract
It is well known that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic in Nigeria. However, increased rubella susceptibility has been shown in patients from the Asian pacific region where chronic HBV infection is endemic. This study was carried out to assess the relationship between chronic HBV infection and rubella susceptibility in obstetric population aged 15–47 years attending Antenatal Clinic at Muhammad Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital Kano, Nigeria. From a total of 288 patients screened, 31 (10.76%) were reactive for HBsAg, meanwhile 50 (17.36%) were reactive to rubella IgM. Among the 31 infected patients 15 (48.39%) were from 20 – 24 years age bracket representing the most susceptible age group while the infection rate was lowest (0.35%) in 45 – 49 age group (P = 0.00). The results of serological markers shows that HBsAg (+) was found in all 31 subjects (100%), anti HBs (+) 0 (0.00%), HBeAg (+) 3 (9.68%); anti HBe (+) and anti HBc (+) 24 (77.42%) respectively (P = 0.09). The study of liver enzymes activity among the HBV positive patients shows abnormal Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) among HBsAg (+) and HBeAg (+) group. However, abnormal Alkaline phospatase (ALP) was found to be non-significantly different between HBsAg (+) and HBeAg (+) vsHBsAg (+) and HBeAg (-) groups (P=0.00). Moreover, obstetric histories such as abortion still birth and neonatal deaths among various age groups with respect to rubella was also studied, it implies that out of the 50 reactive patients, 35(12.15%) had a previous abnormal obstetric history (P=0.02). In a comparative study conducted, it was observed that HBV carriers were (25.81%) susceptible to rubella as against (12.91%) observed in HBV free subjects (positive correlation). The study demonstrates strong associations between chronic HBV infection and rubella susceptibility among the studied population.
References
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[33] Wurie I.M.,Wurie A.T., Gevao S.M. “Prevelence of HBV among middle to high socioeconomic antenartal population in Serralone.” West African Journal of Medicine, 24(1):18-20, 2005.
[34] Sahaf F, Tanomand A., Montazan H and Sany A.A. “Sero-Prevalence of Hepatitis C. Hepatitis B and HIV and Co – infection among Pregnant Women.” Iron, Res J. Med Sci., 1, 138 – 41, 2007.
[35] Todd C.S., Ahmadzai M., Atiqzai F., Miller S., Smith J.M and Ghazai S.A. “Sero-Prevalence and Correlates of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B and C Virus among Intrapartum Patients in Kabul, Afghanistan.” BMC in Fect Dis, 1, 119, 2008.
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[38] Ndams I.S., Joshua I.A., Luka S.A., Sadiq H.O. “Epidemiology of HBV in Mina, Nigeria.” Science World Journal, 3(3), 5 – 8, 2008.
[39] Ose U., Moses A., Favour O., Ehigha E., Omorogbe Z. “The prevalence of HBV and Hepatitis C infections among pregnant women.” North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(5), 238-241, 2011.
[40] Jombo G.T., Egah D.Z and Banwat E.B. “Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Viral Settlement of Northern Nigeria.” Niger J. Med., 14, 425 -8, 2005.
[41] Roingeared P., Dioup A., Sankale J.L., Boye C., Mboup S and Diadhiou F. “Perinatal Transimission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Senegal, West Africa.” Viral Immunol, 6, 65 – 73, 1993.
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[47] Sharma J.B and Buckshe K. “Rubella Infection: a Cause of Foetal Wastage.” J Ind Med Assoc, 99 (7), 174 – 75, 1992.
[48] Dykewicz C.A,. Kruszon-Moran D and McQuillan G.M. “Rubella Seropositivity in the United States.” Clin. Infect Dis., 33, 1279-1286, 2001.
[49] Onakewhor J.V., Offor E. and Okonofua F.E. “Maternal and Neonatal sero- Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBs Ag) in Benin City. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 21(6): 583-586, 2001.
[50] Yasodhara P., Ramalakshmi B.A., Naidu A.N., Raman L.P. “Prevalence of Specific IgM due to Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV and C. Trachomatis Infection during Frequency.” JJMM, 19 (2), 79 – 82, 2001.
[51] Kishore K., Aggrawal J., Aggrawal S., Ayyagari A. “Sera Analysis of C. Trachomatis and S-TORCH Agents in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions.” Ind J. Patol Microbial 46 (4), 654 – 87, 2003.
[52] Turbadkar D., Mathur M and Rela M. “Sero-Prevalence of Torch Infection in Bad Obstetric History.” Ind J. Med Microbial., 21 (2), 180 – 10, 2003.
[53] Davaalkham D.O and Nyamadawa P. “Sero-Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infections among Cchildren in Mangolia: Result of Nationwide Survey,” Pacdiatrics International. 49: 368 – 74, 2007.
[54] Davaalkham D, O and Nyamadawa P. “Significance of HBV DNA Levels in Liver Histology of HBeAg and Anti – HBe Positive Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B.” Am J Gastroenterol., 99, 2032– 7, 2004.
[55] Gomwalk N.E and Ahmad A.A. “Prevalence of rubella antibodies on the African continent.” Rev Infect Dis, 11(1), 116-21, 1989.
[56] Orenstein W.A., Bart K.J and Hinman A.R. “The opportunity and obligation to eliminate rubella from the United States.” JAMA., 251, 1988-1994, 1988.
[57] Zhang H., He S.M., Sun J. “Prevalence and Aetiology of Abnormal Liver Tests in an adult Population in Jilin China.” Int J Med Sci., 8, 254 – 62, 2011.
[2] Alexander W.S, Starr R, Metcal F.D, Nicholson S.E, Farley A, Elefanty A.G, Brysha M, Kile B.T, Richardson “Suppressors of Cytokine Signalling (SOCS): Negative Regulators of Signal Transduction”, Jleukoc Biol, 66 (4): 588 – 91 ,88:455-9, 2006.
[3] Van Damme, P., Tormans, G., Beutels, P. and Van Doorslaea E., “Hepatitis B Prevention in European Preliminary Economic Evaluation Vaccine,” 13 (1), 554-7, 1995.
[4] Wong, V.C. “Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in Newborn Infants of Mother who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by Administration of Vaccine and Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin. Lancet,” 1,921, 1984.
[5] Alter M.J. “Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV Coinfection,” J. Hepatol., 44:56-9, 2006.
[6] Gashau W and Mohammed J. “Hepatitis B Viral Markers in Nigerian Patients with Primary Liver Carcinoma.” Trop Geogr. Med, 34,64-7, 1991.
[7] Isselbacher K.J and Wands J.R. “Meoplasms of the liver in: Wilson J.D, Braunwald E, Isselbacher K, (eds). Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 12th ed,, vol.1, New York: Mc Grow Hill, 1991, P. 1350-2.
[8] Petersen, N.J., Barrett D.H., Bond, W.W., Bequest, K.R., Farew, M.S., Bender T.R. “Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Saliva, Impetiginous Lesions, and the Environment in two remote Alaskan Villages.” Appl Environ Microbial, 32:572-4, 1976.
[9] Olokoba A.B, Salawu F.K, Damburam A, Olokoba LB, Midala KK, Badung LH and Olatinw A. “Hepatitis B virus infection amongst pregnant women in North-Eastern Nigeria-Eastern Nigeria- A call for action.” Niger J. ClinPract,14:10-3, 2011.
[10] Ganem D and Prince A.M. “Hepatitis B. “Virus Infection National History and Clinical Consequences.” N Engl. J. Med., 350:1118-29, 2004.
[11] Maddrey W.C. “Hepatitis B; an Important Public Health Issues,” J. Med virol, 61:362-6, 2000.
[12] Kane M. “Global Programme for Control of Hepatitis B Infections.” Vaccine, 13:547-9, 1995.
[13] Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013).Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome, Control and elimination. Global press, 2000-2012, 62 (48), 983-6.
[14] Bamgboye A.E, Afolabi K.A, Esumah F.I and Enwean, I.B. “Prevalence of rubella antibody in pregnant women in Ibadan, Nigeria.” West Afr. J. Med., 23 (3), 245-8, 2004.
[15] Bukbuk D.N, A-Nafaty A.U, Obed J.Y. “Prevalence of rubella-specific IgG antibody in non-immunized pregnant women in Maiduguri, north eastern Nigeria.” Cent Eur J. Public Health., (10)1-2, 21-3, 2002.
[16] Onyenkwe C.C, Kelinde-Agbeyangi T.A, Offor W.S and Arinola O.G. “Prevalence of rubella IgG antibody in women of child bearing age in Lagos, Nigeria.” West Afr. J. Med. 19(1), 23-6, 2000.
[17] Odelola H.A., Fabiyi A.; Famidusi J.B. (1997). “Distribution of Rubella Virus Antibodies in Nigeria.” Trans R Soc Trop Med. Hyg., (online) 75, 69-80, www.bioline.org.
[18] Forbi J.C, Pennap G, Amauche G, Sjoge H and Gabadi S.A. “Serologic Survey of Specific Rubella Virus IgM in the sera of Pregnant Women in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.” Report Health., 13(2), 69-73., 2009.
[19] Center for Disease Control and Prevention (1981). “Recommendations of the Immunization Practices Advisory Committee (ACIO): Rubella prevention.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep., 30:37-42, 47.
[20] Healthy People (2010)."14: Immunization and Infectious Diseases," http://www.health.gov/healthypeople/Document/HTML/Volume1/14Immunization.htm
[21] Blumberg BS. “The discovery of Australian Antigen and its relation to viral hepatitis.”Vitro.,7, 223, 1971.
[22] Schmidt, E. and Schmidt F.W. “Enzyme.” Biol Clin 3: 1, 1963.
[23] Reitman S and Frankel S. (1957) Amer J. Clin Path., (lab manual uk) 28, 56, In Randox laboratories Ltd,. www.randox.com .
[24] Gravell M, Dorcett P.H., Gutenson O, Ley A.C. “Detection of Rubella virua antibody by
[25] enzyme Immunoassy.” J. Infect. Dis. 136, 300, 1997.
[26] Unke C.J., Ogba O. Inyama P.W., Anyanwu G.I., Njoku M.O and Idoku J.H. “Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen among Blood Donors and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Patients in Jos Nigeria.” Med Inst Oswalde Cruz., 100: 13 – 6, 2005.
[27] Kiire C.F. “The Epidemiology and Prophylaxis of Hepatitis B sub – Saharan Africa: A Review from Tropical and Subtropical Africa.” Gut., 38, 5 – 12, 1996.
[28] Obi R.K., Umeh S.C., Ourede O.H., Iroagba I.I. “Prevalence of Hepatitis B non Infection among Pregnant Women in an Antenatal Chronic in Pat Harcourt, Nigeria.” Afr J. Clin Exp Micro, 7, 78 – 82, 2006.
[29] Christy N.E., Chdi U.I., Gilbert O.N., Denis E.A., Matthias I.A., Herbert U.O, et al., 2004. “The seroprevelence of Hepatitis B surface antigen and HIV among pregnant women in Annambra Statr, Nigeria.Shiraz.” E-Medical Journal, 5(2):april. www.semj.sums.ac.ir/vol5aprl2004htm.
[30] Adesina O, Oladokun A, Akinyemi O, Adedokun B, awoledun O, Odiabo G. et al., “ HIV and HBV coinfection in pregnancy at University Collage Hospital Ibadan.” African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 9 (4), 305-310, 2010.
[31] Luka S.A., Ibrahim M.B., Iliya S.N. “Seroprevalence of HBV Surface antigen among pregnant women attending ABUTH Zaria, Nigeria.” Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 29 (1), 2008.
[32] Kabiru A.R., Oluwarotimi I.A., Adeyeni A.A., Olufemi M.O., Temitope O.O. “Risk factors for HBV infection among pregnant women in Lagos Nigeria.” Aecta. Obstetricia et Gynecologica, 89(8), 1024 – 1028, 2010.
[33] Wurie I.M.,Wurie A.T., Gevao S.M. “Prevelence of HBV among middle to high socioeconomic antenartal population in Serralone.” West African Journal of Medicine, 24(1):18-20, 2005.
[34] Sahaf F, Tanomand A., Montazan H and Sany A.A. “Sero-Prevalence of Hepatitis C. Hepatitis B and HIV and Co – infection among Pregnant Women.” Iron, Res J. Med Sci., 1, 138 – 41, 2007.
[35] Todd C.S., Ahmadzai M., Atiqzai F., Miller S., Smith J.M and Ghazai S.A. “Sero-Prevalence and Correlates of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B and C Virus among Intrapartum Patients in Kabul, Afghanistan.” BMC in Fect Dis, 1, 119, 2008.
[36] Mbaawuaga E.M., Enenebeaku M.N., Okpi J.A. “Hepatitis B virus infection among pregnant women in Makurdi, Nigeria.” African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11(2), 2008.
[37] Harry T.O., Bajani M.D and Moses A.E. “Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Blood Donors and Pregnant Women in Makurdi, Nigeria.” East AF Med J, 71, 596 – 7, 1994.
[38] Ndams I.S., Joshua I.A., Luka S.A., Sadiq H.O. “Epidemiology of HBV in Mina, Nigeria.” Science World Journal, 3(3), 5 – 8, 2008.
[39] Ose U., Moses A., Favour O., Ehigha E., Omorogbe Z. “The prevalence of HBV and Hepatitis C infections among pregnant women.” North American Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(5), 238-241, 2011.
[40] Jombo G.T., Egah D.Z and Banwat E.B. “Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Viral Settlement of Northern Nigeria.” Niger J. Med., 14, 425 -8, 2005.
[41] Roingeared P., Dioup A., Sankale J.L., Boye C., Mboup S and Diadhiou F. “Perinatal Transimission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Senegal, West Africa.” Viral Immunol, 6, 65 – 73, 1993.
[42] Imade G.E., Sagay A.S., Ugwu B.T., Thacher T.D. and Ford R.W. “Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and HIV infection of pregnant women in Nigeria.” J Med Trop., 61, 15-21, 2004.
[43] Ochei J and Kolhatkar A. “Basic Immunology and Serolognosis, Serodiagnosis of Hepatitis.” Medical Laboratory Science Theory and Practice.Vol.1. B.Mac GrowHill., 2007, Pp. 1198 – 200.
[44] McMahon, B.J., Holck, P., Bulkow L. “Serologic and Clinical Outcomes of 1536 Alaska Native Chronically Infected with Hepatitis B Virus.” Ann intern med., 135, 759 -68, 2001.
[45] Brooks G.F., Carroll C.K., Butel J., Morse A.S.“Hepatitis Virus Infection in Human.” Medical Microboilogy. Vol. 1, Mac Grow Hills., 2007, Pp. 466 – 73.
[46] Usha A., Shashi C and Aruna A.“Prevalence of IgM Antibodies to Toxoplasma, Rubella and Cytomegalovirus Infections during Pregnancy.” J.K. Science., 6 (4), 190 – 2, 2004.
[47] Sharma J.B and Buckshe K. “Rubella Infection: a Cause of Foetal Wastage.” J Ind Med Assoc, 99 (7), 174 – 75, 1992.
[48] Dykewicz C.A,. Kruszon-Moran D and McQuillan G.M. “Rubella Seropositivity in the United States.” Clin. Infect Dis., 33, 1279-1286, 2001.
[49] Onakewhor J.V., Offor E. and Okonofua F.E. “Maternal and Neonatal sero- Prevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBs Ag) in Benin City. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 21(6): 583-586, 2001.
[50] Yasodhara P., Ramalakshmi B.A., Naidu A.N., Raman L.P. “Prevalence of Specific IgM due to Toxoplasma, Rubella, CMV and C. Trachomatis Infection during Frequency.” JJMM, 19 (2), 79 – 82, 2001.
[51] Kishore K., Aggrawal J., Aggrawal S., Ayyagari A. “Sera Analysis of C. Trachomatis and S-TORCH Agents in Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortions.” Ind J. Patol Microbial 46 (4), 654 – 87, 2003.
[52] Turbadkar D., Mathur M and Rela M. “Sero-Prevalence of Torch Infection in Bad Obstetric History.” Ind J. Med Microbial., 21 (2), 180 – 10, 2003.
[53] Davaalkham D.O and Nyamadawa P. “Sero-Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infections among Cchildren in Mangolia: Result of Nationwide Survey,” Pacdiatrics International. 49: 368 – 74, 2007.
[54] Davaalkham D, O and Nyamadawa P. “Significance of HBV DNA Levels in Liver Histology of HBeAg and Anti – HBe Positive Patient with Chronic Hepatitis B.” Am J Gastroenterol., 99, 2032– 7, 2004.
[55] Gomwalk N.E and Ahmad A.A. “Prevalence of rubella antibodies on the African continent.” Rev Infect Dis, 11(1), 116-21, 1989.
[56] Orenstein W.A., Bart K.J and Hinman A.R. “The opportunity and obligation to eliminate rubella from the United States.” JAMA., 251, 1988-1994, 1988.
[57] Zhang H., He S.M., Sun J. “Prevalence and Aetiology of Abnormal Liver Tests in an adult Population in Jilin China.” Int J Med Sci., 8, 254 – 62, 2011.
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A., K. Y., D, M. M., W, T. D., S, A., A, M. M., A, I. T., A, H. H., Y, H. K., & R, U. B. (2014). Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Rubella Susceptibility Among Obstetric Population in Metropolis Antenatal Centre Kano, Nigeria. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 7(1), 1–14. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/520
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