The Role of Oral Materials in the English Language Learning in the Rwandan Lower Secondary Schools: The Case Study of G. S. Mushaka and G. S. Gihundwe
Keywords:
English, language, learning, materials, oral, students, teachers.Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate both the extent to which the oral materials could reinforce learning and the extent to which they were used in lower classes. In order to account for that, the questionnaires and interviews were the data collection techniques resorted to. As regard the analysis and interpretation of the findings, we based on the responses provided by both lower classes students and English teachers. We also put into consideration different scholars’ views provided in the chapter about the Literature review of this work. On the one hand, the students’ responses reveal that they themselves acknowledge the usefulness and fruitfulness of oral materials in the English language learning especially in promoting oral communication. Furthermore, through the informants’ responses, we came up to be aware of the types of oral materials that attract the most lower secondary learners, the major problems that they face all along English language learning and the sources of those problems. However, despite the significance of oral materials, students, responses revealed the lower rate of exposure to oral materials as one of the best ways to practice English.On the other hand, the English teachers’ views from interview put more emphasis on the value of oral materials as a teaching/learning tool of foreign languages because it can help them to develop students’performative skills. In addition, these views pointed out that the majority of English teachers do not frequently resort to oral materials due to some problems. All along this study it has been pointed out that practice makes perfect. In fact, the more students are provided with enough opportunity to practice English through oral materials, the more they master their ability to be involved in oral communication.
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[2]. Alatis, J.et.al. The Second Language Classroom. Oxford Oxford University Press.
[3]. Albert. I.P. Role play and Simulation for Teaching and Learning.[Online]. Available From:http:/www.roleplaysim.org/paper/www.scormplayer.com. [Accessed 11 Oct.2017]
[4]. Bailey, K.D.B. Methods of social Research. New York: The Free Press.1978
[5]. Barnes- MacConnel, P. Leading Discussion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1978
[6]. Bell, J.M. Music, Color, and Language. A dissertation presented to The University of Texas in August, 1981.
[7]. Bloomfield, L. Outline guide for practical study of languages. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1942
[8]. Bordeleau, Y. Comprendre et développer les organisations. Ottawa: Agence d’Arc. 1997
[9]. Bright, J.A.Teaching English as Second Language. London: Longman Group Limited.1970
[10]. Brooks, N. Language and Language Learning: Theories and Practice. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.1964
[11]. Bygate, M. Speaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.1978
[12]. Byrne, D. Teaching Oral English. Longman: Longman Group Limited. 1976
[13]. Chastain, K. The Development of Modern Language Skills. Longman: Longman Group Limited. 1971
[14]. Christopher, E. and Smith, L.E. Simulation, Gaming, and Language Learning. New York: Newbury House. 1990
[15]. Cready, M.G. Teaching English Dialogues. New York: MacGraw-Hill. 1984
[16]. Crookall, D. Linking Language Learning and Simulation/game. New York: Newbury House. 1990
[17]. Davis, P. and M. Rinvolucri. Dictation. New Methods, new possibilities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988
[18]. Decanay, F. and J.D. Bowen. Techniques and Procedures in Second Language Teaching. New York: Ocean Publication. 1972
[19]. Digest, E. Teaching English as a Second Language through Dramatisation [Online]. Available from: http://www. Cambridge.org/catalogue. [Accessed 3 Nov. 2017]
[20]. Dobson, J. Dialogues in Language Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1988
[21].Draper, S. Feedback. [Online] Available from: http:/www.staff.psy.gla.ac.uk./steve/feedback.html. [ Accessed 15 Nov.2017]
[22]. Dubin, F. and Olshtain, E. Facilitating Language Learning. New York: MacGraw-Hill
International Book Company.1977
[23]. Dukin, J. The Language Laboratory and Language Learning. Longman Group Limited.1973
[24]. Falks, S,J. Linguistics and Language. Toronto: Xerox College Publishing. 1973
[25]. Finochiaro, M. Teaching Children Foreign Languages. New York: MacGraw-Hill. 1969
[26]. Finochiaro, M. Teaching English as a second language. New York: Harper and Row. 1969
[27]. Frodersen, J. Grammar in writing. In teaching English as a second or foreign language. Boston: Heinle and Heinle Publisher.1991
[28]. Garden, R.C & W. Lambert (1972) Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley: Newbury House. 1972
[29]. Garvie, C. Play. London: Fontana. 1979
[30]. Girard, D. Listening to Spoken Language. Longman: Longman Group Limited. 1972
[31]. Grawitz, M. Méthodes des sciences sociales. Paris: Dallas. 1993
[32]. Hawkes, N. Communication in the Classroom. London: Longman. 1981
[33]. Holden, M. Drama in Language Teaching. Harlow, Essex: Longman. 1981
[34]. Hunt, S.E. Games and Sport around the World. New York: The Ronald Press. 1964
[35]. Huy Le, M. The Role of Music in Second Language Learning: A Vietnamese Perspective, A paper presented at Combined 1991 Conference of the Australian Association for Research in Education and the New Zealand Association for Research in Education Online Available from: http://www.aare.edu.au/99pap/le99034.html. [ Accessed 4 Dec.2017]
[36]. Hyman, R.T. Improving Discussion Leadership. New York: Columbia Universtity Teachers College. 1980
[37]. Johnson, K. and K. Morrow. Communication in the Classroom. England: Longman Group Limited. 1981
[38]. Jones, K. Simulation in Language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984
[39]. Jones, K. Some New Strategies for Teaching Oral Skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1986
[40]. Jones, K. Language Teaching Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1988
[41]. Kohl, M. and Y. Frederica. Games for Children. New York: Library Publications, Simon and Schuster. 1953
[42]. Krashen, S.D. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1981
[43]. Krashen, S.D. The input hypothesis: Issues and Implications. New York:Longman. 1995
[44]. Ladouse, G.P. Role-play. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987
[45]. Lee, W.R. Language-Teaching Games and Contests. London:Oxford University Press. 1973
[46]. Lee, W.R. Games for English Language Learning and Teaching [Online]. Available from:http://www.btinternet.com/ted.pow/games.html [Accessed 29 Nov.2017]
[47]. Litterwood, W. Foreign and Second Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984
[48]. Lund, R. J. A taxonomy for teaching second language listening. Foreign Language Annals, 23, 105-115. 1990
[49]. Maley, A. and A. Duff. Drama Technique in Language Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1981
[50]. Maley, A. and M. Sandra. Learning To Listen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[51]. Mania Moayad Mubaslat. The Effect of Using Educational Games on the Students’ Achievement in English Language for the Primary Stage. 2012
[52]. Medina, S.L. The Effect of a Musical Medium on the Vocabulary Acquisition of Limited English Speakers. A dissertation presented to University of Southern California. 1991
[53]. MINEDUC. Education Sector Setrategic Plan 2013/14. Kigali. Republic of Rwanda. 2013
[54]. Montalvan, R. Dictation updated: Guidelines for teacher-training workshops. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. 1990
[55]. Murphey, T. Songs and Music in Language Learning. Peter Lang. 1990
[56]. Newton, C.A. Dialogues for Classroom Use. Chicago: University of Chicago. 1988
[57]. O’Grady, W. et.al. Contempory Linguistics. New York: Longman. Press. 1987
[58]. Pattson, P. Developing Communication skills Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
[59]. Rivers, W. M. eaching foreign language skills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1981
[60]. River, W. M. Teaching Foreign Language Skills. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1983 [61]. Rixon , S. How to use Games in Language Teaching. London: Macmillan. 1981
[62]. Rost, M. Listening. London: Longman. 1980
[63]. Sawyer, J.O. and S.K. Silver. Dictation in Language Learning. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill International Book Company. 1972
[64]. Scarcella, R. C. & R. L. Oxford.The tapestry of language learning, the individual in the communicative classroom. Boston: Heine & Heine Publishers. 1992
[65]. Steve Sugar. Games That Teach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pfeiffer. 1998
[66]. Tezer, P. Techniques for Teaching Grammar. New York: Appeleton-Century-Crofts.1979
[67]. Via, R.A. Language Learning through drama. New York: Landon House. 1980
[68]. Wells, G. Language through action- the study of Language Development. London: Cambridge University Press. 1981
[69]. Widdowson, G.H. Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1978
[70]. Wright, A. Materials for Language Learnung. Longman: Longman Group Limited. 1976
[71]. Wright, A. et.al. Games for Language learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987
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Published
2018-04-15
How to Cite
Anicet, K., & Mary, N. R. R. (2018). The Role of Oral Materials in the English Language Learning in the Rwandan Lower Secondary Schools: The Case Study of G. S. Mushaka and G. S. Gihundwe. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 42(1), 14–61. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/3969
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