Molecular Study of Urinary Tract Infection Bacteria and their Relationship to the Present of Oxalobacter formigenes in Stool of Kidney Stone Patients
Keywords:
Molecular, 16SrDNA, Sequencing, Oxalobacter, Kidney, Corynebacterium, aurimucosum.Abstract
Urinary Tract Infection is widespread in Al-Basrah province, it is important to detect the causative agent for suitable treatment and which factors may affect on the disease. Fifty urine samples were collected from patients with urinary stone disease from Al-Basrah General Hospital. Bacterial growth was in 48 samples. Axenic culture appeared 82% compared with mixed or no growth. Out of all bacterial isolates (55), gram – positive was 71% versus to gram – negative. 16SrDNA gene sequencing identified 10 Staphylococcus haemolyticus , 7 Escherechia coli, 5 Staphylococcus epidermidis and 3 Enterococcus faecalis. While Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus hominis and Bacillus cereus were 2 for each. Furthermore, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus raffinosus, Staphylococcus lugdunesis, Staphylococcus warneri, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, Corynebacterium coyleae and Corynebacterium aurimucosum were 1 for each. Four of these isolates were recorded as new global strains in GenBank. The bacterial species were more frequented in patients without surgical operation (88.6%), antibiotic utilization (77.3%), kidney and oxalate stone (72.7%) for each. Most bacterial isolates had a high sensitivity to imipenem (86.4%), then followed by amikacin and ciprofloxacin (54.5%, for each), but low and no sensitivity to ceftriaxone (97.7%), ampiclox and methicillin (100%, for each). High rate of multi - drug resistance was noticed among all isolates. This is a first study confirms a relationship between the presence of some UTI bacteria and the absence of Oxalobacter formigenes in the gut.
References
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[54] Lee G (2013). Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from male patients with complicated urinary tract infection. Korean J. Urol. 54: 388-93.
[55] Rangari AA, Sharma S, Tyagi N, Singh P, Singh G and Thakur R (2015). Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Uropathogens Isolated from Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Uttar Pradesh of India .In. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 10: 646-57.
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[58] Ito T, Katayama Y, Asada K, Mori N, Tsutsumimoto K, Tiensasitorn C and Hiramatsu K (2001). Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agent.Chemother. 45: 1323-1336.
[59] Abd Al-Abbas MJ (2012). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and a novel Planomicrobium isolate of bacterimia. Int. J. Med. Med. Sci. 4: 19-27.
[60] Hirsch EB and Tam VH (2010). Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 10: 441-51.
[61] Siener R, Bangen U, Sidhu H, Honow R, Von Unruh G and Hesse A (2013). The role of Oxalobacter formegens colonization in calcium oxalate stone disease. Kid. Int. 83: 1144-9.
[2] Gupta K (2001). Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community acquired urinary tract infections. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 135: 41-50.
[3] Gonzalez CM and Schaeffer AJ (1999). Treatment of urinary tract infection: what’s old, what’s new and what works. World J Urol 17: 372-82.
[4] Ronald A (2002). The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. Am. J. Med, 113:14-9.
[5] Alla R, Kuppast IJ and Mankani KL (2012). A study on prescription pattern of antibiotic for urinary tract infections in shimoga district of Karnataka. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. 2: 240-5.
[6] Hadi AM, Sheri FH and Jaccob AA (2014). Urinary tract infection prevalence and antibiotic resistance a retrospective study in Basra governorate, Iraq. AJPS. 14: 129- 35.
[7] Simmon KE, Croft AC and Petti CA (2006). Application of Smart Gene IDNS software to partial 16S rRNA gene sequences for diverse group of bacteria in a clinical laboratory. J Clin Microbiol. 44: 4400-6.
[8] Srinivasan R, Karaoz U, Volegova M, MacKichan J, Kato-Maeda M, Miller S, et al. (2015). Use of 16S rRNA Gene for identification of a broad range of clinically relevant bacterial pathogens. PLoS ONE 10: 1-22.
[9] Woo PC, Lau SK, Teng JL, Tse H and Yuen KY (2008). Then and now: use of 16S rDNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification and discovery of novel bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories. Clin. Microbiol. Infec. 14: 908–34.
[10] Ronald AR and Harding GKM (1997). Complicated urinary tract infection. Infect. Dis. Clin. North. AM. 11:583-92.
[11] Cheesbrough M (2006). District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries; 2nd ed. Cambridge. University Press P: 434.
[12] Madhavi S, Prathyusha C and Rajender SJ (2012). Relationship between crystalluria and urinary calculi and associated urinary tract infection. Microbiol. Biotech. Res. 2:351-6.
[13] Sorensen P, Ejlertsen T, Aaen D and Poulsen K (2008). Bacterial contamination of surgeons gloves during shunt insertion: a pilot study. Br. J. Neurosurg. 5: 675-7.
[14] Courvalin P and Weber JT (2005). Antimicrobial drugs and resistance. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 791-7.
[15] Tille PM (2014). Bailey and Scott’s: Diagnostic Microbiology, 13 ed. Mosby Inc. , an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. p: 1001.
[16] Sabir S, Anjum A.A, Ijaz T, Ali MA, Khan MR and Nawaz M (2014). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli from urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital. Pak J Med Sci 2: 389-92.
[17] Japoni A Alborzi A, Rasouli M and Pourabbas B (2004). Modified DNA extraction for rapid PCR detection of Methicillin resistant Staphylococci. Ir. Biomed. J. 8: 161-5.
[18] Miyoshi T, Iwatsuki T and Naganuma T (2005). Phylogenetic characterization of 16S rRNA gene clones from deep-groundwater microorganisms that pass through 0.2 micrometer-pore-size filters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 1084–8.
[19] Barker M, Thakkar B and Priest F G (2005). Multilocus sequence typing reveals that Bacillus cereus strains isolated from clinical infections have distinct phylogenetic origins. FEMS. Microbiol. Letl. 1: 179-84.
[20] Sung JML, Chantler PD and Lioyd DH (2006). Accessory Gene Regulator Locus of Staphylococcus intermedius. Infect. Immun. 74: 2947-56.
[21] Katoh K, Misawa K, Kuma K and Myata T (2002). MAFFT: a fast novel method for rapid multiple sequence alignment based on Fourier transform. Nucliec Acids Research. 30: 3059-66.
[22] CLSI, editor (2012). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Insitute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptebility Testing: Twenty-second Informational Supplement M100-S22. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA.
[23] Jasim NA and Abd Al-Abbas MJ (2016). Association of Oxalobacter formigenes with the Stools of Urinary Tract Stone Patients in Basrah Province. IJSRST. 3: 113-7.
[24] Hassan A (2008). Etiology and antibiotic resistance patterns of urinary tract infections in Thi-Qar Governorate. J. Thi-Qar University. 4: 51- 4.
[25] Nass T, Al-Agili S and Bashir O (2001). Urinary Calculi: Bacteriological and Chemical Association, Department of Urology, Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. 7: 756-62.
[26] Jan H, Akbar I, Kamran H and Khan J (2008). Frequency of renal stone disease in patients with urinary tract infection. J. Ayub. Med. Coll. Abbottabad. 20 :60-2.
[27] Al-Jebouri MM and Atalah N (2012). A study on the interrelationship between renal calculi, hormonal abnormalities and urinary tract infections in Iraqi patients. open. JUrol. 2: 6-10.
[28] Nicolle LE, Hoban SA and Harding GK (1983). Characterization of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Urinary Tract Specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2: 267- 71.
[29] Falcone M, Micozzi A, Pompeo M.E, Baiocchi P, Fabi F, Penni A, Martino P and Venditti M (2004). Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal bacteremia in patients with hematologic malignancies: clinical and microbiological retrospective comparative analysis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. J. Chemother. 16:540– 8.
[30] Raponi G, Ghezzi MC, Ghepardi G, Dicuonzo G, Caputo D, Venditti M Rocco M, Micozzi A and Mancini C (2005). Antimicrobial susceptibility biochemical and genetic profiles of Staphylococcus haemolyticus strains isolated from the bloodstream of patients hospitalized in Critical Care Units. J. Chemother 17: 264–9.
[31] Gemmell CG and Thelestam M (1981). Toxinogenicity of clinical isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci towards various animal cells. Acta. Pathol. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. B. 89: 417- 21.
[32] Costerton JW, Stewart PS and Greenberg EP (1999). Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 284: 1318 –22.
[33] Mack D, Rohde H, Harris LG, Davies AP, Horstkotte MA and Knobloch JK (2006). Biofilm formation in medical device-related infection. Int. J. Artif. Organs 29: 343-59.
[34] Fredheim EG, Klingenberg C, Rohde H, Frankenberger S, Gaustad P, Flaegstad T, Sollid JE (2009). Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus haemolyticus. J Clin Microbiol. 47: 1172–80.
[35] Kallstrom G, Chang T, Albertson M, Morilla D, Fisher MA and Eberly B (2011). Recovery of a Catalase-Negative Staphylococcus epidermidis Strain in Blood and Urine Cultures from a Patient with Pyelonephritis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49: 4018–9.
[36] Tavichakorintrakool R, Prasongwattana V, Sungkeeree S, Saisud P, Sribenjalux P and et al. (2012). Extensive characterization of bacteria isolated from catheterized urine and stone matrices in patients with nephrolithiasis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. p : 1-6.
[37] Kausar Y, Chunchanur SK, Nadagir SD, Halesh LH. and Chandrasekhar MR (2009).Virulence factors serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections. Al-Ameen J. Med. Sci, 2: 41-51.
[38] Behzadi P, Behzadi E, Yazdanbod H, Aghapour R, Cheshmeh MA and Omran DS (2010). A survey on urinary tract infections associated with the three most common uropathogenic bacteria. Maedica. 5: 111- 5.
[39] Murray BE (1990). The life and times of the Enterococcus. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3: 46–65.
[40] Hancock LE and Gilmore MS (2000). Pathogenicity of Enterococci in gram positive pathogens. Am. Soc. Microbiol. 251-8.
[41] Garsin AD, Sifri CD, Mylonakis E, Qin X, Singh KV, Murray BE and et a. (2001). A simple model host for identifying gram positive virulence factors. Proc. Natl. Acnd. Sci. 98:10892-907.
[42] Baum D (2008). Reading a Phylogenetic Tree: The Meaning of Monophyletic Groups. Nature Edu. 1: 190.
[43] Najafi M and Pezeshki P (2013). Bacterial mutation; Types, Mechanisms and mutant detection methods: a review. Europ. Sci. J. 4: 628-38.
[44] Bertram JS (2000). The molecular biology of cancer. Mol. Aspects Med. 21: 167-223.
[45] Livermore DM (2002). Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare? Clin Infect Dis. 34: 634–40.
[46] Satyanarayana T, Raghukumer C and Shivaji S (2005). Extremophilic Microbes: Diversity and Perspectives. Curr. Sci. 89: 78-90.
[47] Lipsky BA, Goldberger AC, Tompkins LS and Plorde JJ (1982). Infections caused by nondiphtheria corynebacteria. Rev. Infect. Dis. 4: 1220–35.
[48] Scheffl H, Mucke C and Lang SM (2004). Exit-site infections by non-diphtheria corynebacteria in Capd . Peritoneal. Dial. Int. 24: 454-9.
[49] Bernard KA, Munro C, Wiebe D and Ongsansoy E (2002). Characteristics of rare or recently described Corynebacterium Species recovered from human clinical material in Canada. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 4375-81.
[50] Hinic V, Lang C, Weisser M, Straub C, Frei R and Goldenberger DC (2012). Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum: a Potentially misidenti?ed and multiresistant Corynebacterium Species isolated from clinical specimens. J . Clin. Microbiol. 50: 2561-7.
[51] Lo S ,Thiam I, Fall B, Ba-Diallo A, Folly Diallo O and et al (2015 ). Urinary tract infection with Corynebacterium aurimucosum after urethroplasty stricture of the urethra: a case report. J. Med. Case. Rep. 9: 156.
[52] Al-Jebouri MM and Mdish SA (2013). Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from patients of urinary tract infections in Iraq. Open J. Urol. 3: 124-31.
[53] Mahmood MA (2011). Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pathogens in Urinary Tract Infections. J. Al-Nahrain University. 4: 146-52.
[54] Lee G (2013). Ciprofloxacin Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from male patients with complicated urinary tract infection. Korean J. Urol. 54: 388-93.
[55] Rangari AA, Sharma S, Tyagi N, Singh P, Singh G and Thakur R (2015). Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Uropathogens Isolated from Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western Uttar Pradesh of India .In. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 10: 646-57.
[56] Brisson-Noel A. Arthur M and P Courvalin. (1988). Evidence for natural gene transfer from gram-positive cocci to Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 170: 1739-45.
[57] Brown S, Laneelle MA, Asselineau J and Barksdale L (1984). Description of Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum sp. nov, a leprosy-derived Corynebacterium. Ann.Microbiol. (Paris) 135 B: 251–267.
[58] Ito T, Katayama Y, Asada K, Mori N, Tsutsumimoto K, Tiensasitorn C and Hiramatsu K (2001). Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agent.Chemother. 45: 1323-1336.
[59] Abd Al-Abbas MJ (2012). Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterococcus faecalis and a novel Planomicrobium isolate of bacterimia. Int. J. Med. Med. Sci. 4: 19-27.
[60] Hirsch EB and Tam VH (2010). Impact of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection on patient outcomes. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon. Outcomes Res. 10: 441-51.
[61] Siener R, Bangen U, Sidhu H, Honow R, Von Unruh G and Hesse A (2013). The role of Oxalobacter formegens colonization in calcium oxalate stone disease. Kid. Int. 83: 1144-9.
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2016-10-14
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J. Abd Al-Abbas, M., & A. Jasim, N. (2016). Molecular Study of Urinary Tract Infection Bacteria and their Relationship to the Present of Oxalobacter formigenes in Stool of Kidney Stone Patients. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 26(1), 230–249. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/2241
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