Infectious Agents and Miscarriage in Bulgaria
Keywords:
miscarriage, parvovirus B19, Chlamydia trachomati, , ELISA, PCR.Abstract
A number of infection agents have been linked to miscarriage and to other adverse outcomes of pregnancy, such as stillbirth and preterm delivery. The purpose of present study was to determine the implication and prevalence of viral agents (parvovirus B19, rubella, CMV and adenoviruses) and Chlamydia trachomatis in the etiology of miscarriage during the first and second trimester of pregnancy. A total of 62 serum samples from women with miscarriage (n=32) and control group of healthy women (n=30) for period January 2015 – June 2016 were tested by ELISA (detected of specific IgM/IgG antibodies) and PCR (detected of specific genomic region) assays. The possible role of B19V, Ch. trachomatis and adenoviruses for miscarriages were detected in 6/32 (18.75%) by ELISA and in 7/32 (21,87%) by PCR methods. The seroprevalence of protective IgG antibodies in the highest level was proven against rubella 25/32 (78,12%) and the lowest – against adenoviruses (1/32, 6,25%). All tested healthy women in the control group had a negative result for acute infection for the five tested infectious agents. The detailed study aimed at enriching the diagnostic palette of these infectious pathogens is necessary for understanding the exact mechanisms behind infection-induced miscarriages and could lead to effective treatment and thus prevention.
References
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[28] Shaw, J, Wills, G, Lee, K, Horner, P, McClure, M, Abrahams, V, Wheelhouse, N, Jabbour, H, Critchley, H, Entrican, G et al. (2011). Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NFkB activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy. Am J Pathol, vol. 178, pp. 253 – 260.
[29] Baud, D, Goy, G, Jaton, K, Osterheld, M, Blumer, S, Borel, N, Vial, Y, Hohlfeld, P, Pospischil, A, Greub, G. (2011). Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in miscarriage. Emerg Infect Dis, vol. 17, pp. 1630–1635.
[30] Feist, A, Sydler, T, Gebbers, J, Pospischil, A, Guscetti, F. (1999). No association of Chlamydia with abortion. J R Soc Med, vol. 92, pp. 237–238.
[31] Wilkowska-Trojniel, M, Zdrodowska-Stefanow, B, Ostaszewska-Puchalska, I, Redz’ko, S, Przepies’c’, J, Zdrodowski, M. (2009). The influence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on spontaneous abortions. Adv Med Sci, vol, 54, pp. 86–90.
[2] Giakoumelou, S, Wheelhouse, N, Cuschieri, K, Entrican, G, Howie, S, Horne A. (2015). The role of infection in miscarriage. Human Reproduction Update, vol. 0, no. 0, pp. 1–18.
[3] Engelhard, I, Hout, M, Arntz, A. (2001). Posttraumatic stress disorder after pregnancy loss. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, vol 23, pp. 62–66.
[4] Benedetto, C, Tibaldi, C, Marozio, L, Marini, S, Masuelli, G, Pelissetto, S, Sozzani, P, Latino, M. (2004). Cervicovaginal infections during pregnancy: epidemiological and microbiological aspects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, vol. 16, Suppl 2, pp. 9 – 12.
[5] Goldenberg, R, Thompson, C. (2003). The infectious origins of stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 189, pp. 861–873.
[6] Garland, S, Chuileanna, F, Satzke, C, Robins-Browne, R. (2002). Mechanisms, organisms and markers of infection in pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol, vol. 57, pp. 169–183.
[7] Srinivas, S, Sammel, M, Chou, D, McGrath, C, Parry, S, Elovitz, M. (2006). Placental inflammation and viral infection are implicated in second trimester pregnancy loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol, vol. 195, pp. 797–802.
[8] Baud, D, Regan, L, Greub, G. (2008). Emerging role of Chlamydia and Chlamydia-like organisms in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Infect Dis, vol. 21, pp. 70–76.
[9] Ford, H & Schust, D. (2009). Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Therapy. Rev Obstet Gynecol, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 76–83.
[10] Andersen, N, Wohlfahrt, J, Christens, P, Olsen, J, Melbye, M. (2000) Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study. BMJ, vol. 320, no. 1, pp. 1708–1712.
[11] Sopori, M. (2002). Effects of cigarette smoke on the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol, vol. 2, pp. 372–377.
[12] Lashen, H, Fear, K, Sturdee, D. (2004). Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 1644–1646.
[13] De la Rochebrochard, E & Thonneau, P. (2002). Paternal age and maternal age are risk factors for miscarriage; results of amulticentre European study.HumReprod, vol. 17, pp. 1649–1656.
[14] Slama, R, Bouyer, J, Windham, G. (2005). Influence of paternal age on the risk of spontaneous abortion. Am J Epidemiol, vol. 161, pp. 816–823.
[15] Maconochie, N, Doyle, P, Prior, S, Simmons, R. (2007). Risk factors for first trimester miscarriage-results from a UK-population-based case-control study. BJOG, vol. 114, pp. 170–186.
[16] Kashanian, M, Akbarian, A, Baradaran, H, Shabandoust, S. (2006). Pregnancy outcome following a previous spontaneous abortion (miscarriage). Gynecol Obstet Invest, vol. 61, pp. 167–170.
[17] Servant, A, Laperche, S, Lallemand, F, et al. (2002). Genetic diversity within human erythroviruses: identification of three genotypes. J Virol, vol. 76, no. 18, pp. 9124-9134.
[18] Zigangirova, N., Rumyantseva, Y., Morgunova, E., et al. (2013). Detection of C. trachomatis in the Serum of the Patients with Urogenital Chlamydiosis. BioMed Research International, BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, p. 7.
[19] CDC protocols for the molecular epidemiology of measles virus and rubella virus, Version of 03/06/2012
[20] Heim, A, Ebnet, C, Harste, G, Pring-Akerblom, P. (2003). Rapid and quantitative detection of human adenovirus DNA by real-time PCR. J Med Virol. Vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 228-39.
[21] Seidemann, K., Heim, A, Pfister, E, Köditz, H, Beilken, A, Sander, A, Melter, M, Sykora, K, Sasse, M, Wessel A. (2004). Monitoring of Adenovirus Infection in Pediatric Transplant Recipients by Quantitative PCR: Report of Six Cases and Review of the Literature. vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 2102–2108
[22] Office for National Statistics. Livebirths Englandand Wales 2012. (2012) Availableat: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/birth-summary-tables-england-and-wales/2012/stb-births-in-england-and-wales-2012.html
[23] Hure, A, Powers, J, Mishra, G, Herbert, D, Byles, J, Loxton, D. (2012). Miscarriage, preterm delivery, and stillbirth: large variations in rates within a cohort of Australian women. PLoS One, vol. 7:e37109.
[24] http://www.mh.government.bg/media/filer_public/2016/05/18/npmdz-27-06-14-ms.pdf
[25] Bonvicini, F, Puccetti, C, Salfi, N, Guerra, B, Gallinella, G, Rizzo, N, Zerbini, M. (2011). Gestational and fetal outcomes in B19 maternal infection: a problem of diagnosis. J Clin Microbiol, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 3514–3518.
[26] Nunoue, T, Kusuhara, K, Hara, T. (2002). Human fetal infection with parvovirus B19: maternal infection time in gestation, viral persistence and fetal prognosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J., vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 1133-6.
[27] Brkic, S, Bogavac, M, Simin, N, Hrnjakovic-Cvetkovic, I, Milosevic, V, Maric, D. (2011). Unusual high rate of asymptomatic maternal parvovirus B19 infection associated with severe fetal outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, vol. 24, pp. 647–649.
[28] Shaw, J, Wills, G, Lee, K, Horner, P, McClure, M, Abrahams, V, Wheelhouse, N, Jabbour, H, Critchley, H, Entrican, G et al. (2011). Chlamydia trachomatis infection increases fallopian tube PROKR2 via TLR2 and NFkB activation resulting in a microenvironment predisposed to ectopic pregnancy. Am J Pathol, vol. 178, pp. 253 – 260.
[29] Baud, D, Goy, G, Jaton, K, Osterheld, M, Blumer, S, Borel, N, Vial, Y, Hohlfeld, P, Pospischil, A, Greub, G. (2011). Role of Chlamydia trachomatis in miscarriage. Emerg Infect Dis, vol. 17, pp. 1630–1635.
[30] Feist, A, Sydler, T, Gebbers, J, Pospischil, A, Guscetti, F. (1999). No association of Chlamydia with abortion. J R Soc Med, vol. 92, pp. 237–238.
[31] Wilkowska-Trojniel, M, Zdrodowska-Stefanow, B, Ostaszewska-Puchalska, I, Redz’ko, S, Przepies’c’, J, Zdrodowski, M. (2009). The influence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection on spontaneous abortions. Adv Med Sci, vol, 54, pp. 86–90.
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2016-09-17
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Kr. Ivanova, S., D. Genova-Kalou, P., Em. Voleva, S., G. Angelova, S., M. Marinov, B., Em. Manolov, V., & Shishkov, S. (2016). Infectious Agents and Miscarriage in Bulgaria. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 25(1), 1–10. Retrieved from https://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/2008
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